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galactomannan - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- A gum in which the structural chain is made up of D-mannose units with 1?4 linkages. The ratio of galactose to mannose is 1:2.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: acyl carrier protein, canola, isomer, mono-unsaturates, polyunsaturates
gall - permalink
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- A tumorous growth in plants. See: crown gall.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: Agrobacterium rhizogenes, crown gall, hairy root disease, Ri plasmid, rol
Gamete - permalink
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- A mature reproductive cell which is capable of fusing with a cell of similar origin but of opposite sex to form a zygote from which a new organism can develop. Gametes normally have a haploid chromosome content. In animals, a gamete is a sperm or egg; in plants, it is pollen, spermatic nucleus, or ovum.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - A haploid sex cell, egg or sperm, that contains a single copy of each chromosome.
Susan Allender-Hagedorn and Charles Hagedorn - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: amphimixis, gametogenesis, isogamy, life cycle, maturation, Meiosis, meiotic product, zygospore
- Mature male or female reproductive cell (sperm or ovum) with a haploid set of chromosomes (23 for humans).
Human Genome Project - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: diploid, Germ cell, haploid, Pronucleus
- A reproductive cell (egg or sperm).
The President's Council on Bioethics - Cite This Source - This Definition - An egg (in the female) or sperm (in the male) cell. See also Somatic cell.
NIH - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: fertilization, Germ cell, Germ cells (or primordial germ cells), Primordial germ cell, Somatic cell, Somatic cells, Somatic stem cells
gamete and embryo storage - permalink
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- Storage of ova, sperm or fertilized embryos outside their original source. Almost invariably this means cryopreservation.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: amnion, apomixis, conversion, dissecting microscope, embryo, embryo cloning, embryo splitting, embryo storage, embryo technology, embryogenesis, indirect embryogenesis, monocotyledon, nucellar embryo, parthenogenesis, polyembryony, pro-embryo, sexed embryos, somatic embryo, vivipary
gametic (phase) disequilibrium - permalink
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- In relation to any two loci, the occurrence of haplotypes (gametes) at a frequency other than that predicted from the product of the respective allele frequencies. Opposite: gametic (phase) equilibrium.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: gametic (phase) equilibrium, juvenility, linkage disequilibrium, linkage equilibrium, phase change, tautomerism
gametic (phase) equilibrium - permalink
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- In relation to any two loci, the occurrence of haplotypes (gametes) at a frequency equal to the product of the frequency of the two relevant alleles . For example, A and B are in gametic equilibrium if the frequency of AiBi gametes equals the product of the frequencies of alleles Ai and Bi. Opposite: gametic (phase) disequilibrium.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: gametic (phase) disequilibrium, juvenility, linkage disequilibrium, linkage equilibrium, phase change, tautomerism
gametoclone - permalink
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- A plant regenerated from a tissue culture originating from gametic tissue.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: cutting, embryo rescue, micropropagation, microtuber, minituber, organogenesis, plantlet, protocorm, regeneration, totipotency
gametogenesis - permalink
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- The process of the formation of gametes.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: amphimixis, Gamete, isogamy, life cycle, maturation, Meiosis, meiotic product, zygospore
gametophyte - permalink
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- The phase of the plant life cycle that carries the gamete producing organs. In flowering plants, the pollen grain is the male gametophyte and the embryo sac is the female gametophyte.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: cytoplasmic male sterility, dehiscence, generative nucleus, germination, microspore, pollen, pollen grain, sporangium
gametophytic incompatibility - permalink
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- A phenomenon in plants, in which a pollen grain is genetically incapable of fertilizing a particular egg, because both gametes carry the identical allele at an incompatibility locus (usually denoted S). This is a mechanism for forcing crossfertilization.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: dizygotic twins, gestation, identical twin, monozygotic twin, progesterone
Gamma-interferon - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Stem Cell
- A type of small protein with antiviral activity, made by T lymphocytes.
The President's Council on Bioethics - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: lymph nodes, Lymphatic system, lymphocyte, lymphoid
gap - permalink
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- A missing section on one of the strands of double-stranded DNA. The DNA will therefore have a single-stranded region.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: antiparallel orientation, chromatin fibre, DNA helicase, Double helix, double-stranded complementary DNA, Double-stranded complementary DNA (dscDNA), double-stranded DNA, dscDNA, dsDNA, Duplex DNA, exonuclease III, gapped DNA, helix, homoduplex DNA, Provirus, supercoil
Gap junctions - permalink
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- Communicating cell-cell junctions that allow ions and small molecules to pass from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another cell.
DHHS - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: cartilage, Cell type, Extracellular matrix, Fibroblast, Hydroxyapatite, morphology, Stromal, Sulfated proteoglycan, undifferentiated
gapped DNA - permalink
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- A double-stranded DNA molecule with one or more internal single-stranded regions.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: antiparallel orientation, chromatin fibre, DNA helicase, Double helix, double-stranded complementary DNA, Double-stranded complementary DNA (dscDNA), double-stranded DNA, dscDNA, dsDNA, Duplex DNA, exonuclease III, gap, helix, homoduplex DNA, Provirus, supercoil
gas transfer - permalink
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- The rate at which gases are transferred from gas into solution, an important parameter in fermentation systems because it controls the rate at which the organism can metabolize. Efficient gas transfer can be achieved in several ways, including the use of small bubbles, from which gas dissolves faster than from larger ones, due to their larger surface area per unit of volume; or spreading the liquid out, for example in a thin sheet, or in a thin permeable tube, as in hollow fibre bioreactor.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: filter bioreactor, high efficiency particulate air filter, hollow fibre, impeller, membrane bioreactor, mesh bioreactor, photo-bioreactor, pre-filter, sparger, tank bioreactor
gastrula - permalink
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- An early animal embryo consisting of two layers of cells; an embryological stage following the blastula.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: blastocyst, blastomere, blastula, epigenesis, foetus, germ layer, mesoderm
- Animal embryo at an early stage of development in which cells are enclosed in a sheath to form the beginning of a gut cavity.
DHHS - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: Blastocoel, blastocyst, blastula, Cleavage, Morula
Gastrulation - permalink
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- The process whereby the cells of the blastocyst are translocated to establish three germ layers. Also sometimes used to mark the end of the blastocyst stage and the beginning of the next stage of embryonic development. (Based on SMD)
The President's Council on Bioethics - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: Anterior visceral endoderm (AVE), Cavitation, Neuroepithelium, Trophectoderm, Zona pellucida
G cap - permalink
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- The 5'-terminal methylated guanine nucleoside that is present on many eukaryotic mRNA s. It is joined to the mRNA, via a 5'?5' phosphodiester bond, after transcription. See: cap site.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: Alternative mRNA splicing, cap site, cell-free transcription, in vitro transcription, pre-mRNA, primary transcript, reverse transcription, transcript, Transcription
GC island - permalink
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- A segment of double-stranded DNA that is rich in GC base pairs. This type of sequence is characteristic of eukaryotic genomic regions with a high gene content.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: bio-informatics, functional genomics, genomics, insert, Intergenic regions, multigene family, repetitive DNA, shotgun genome sequencing