T - permalink
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T0, T1 and T2 - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- Successive generations of plants following a transformation event. The parent transformed plant is T0, its immediate progeny is T1, and the progeny of the T1 are T2 plants etc. Of particular interest is the stability of transgene expression from T0 to T2, and beyond.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: animal cell immobilization, barnase, biopharming, co-transformation, genetic transformation, genetic use restriction technology, isogenic stock, merozygote, T0, T1 and T2
T4 DNA ligase - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- An enzyme, present in bacteria infected with bacteriophage T4, which catalyses the joining (ligation ) of, and repairs nicks in, duplex DNA molecules. Ligation activity requires that one DNA molecule has a 5'-phosphate group, and that the other has a free 3'-hydroxyl group.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: DNA ligase, ligase, Ligase (DNA ligase), replisome
tag - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- See: label.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: affinity chromatography, FLAG, immunoaffinity chromatography, label, metal affinity chromatography, purification tag, streptavidin
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tailing - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- The in vitro addition, to the 3'-hydroxyl ends of a double-stranded DNA molecule, of multiple copies of a single nucleotide by the enzyme terminal transferase. Synonym: homopolymeric tailing.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: complementary homopolymeric tailing, dA - dT tailing, dG - dC tailing, homopolymeric tailing
tandem repeat - permalink
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- Two (or more) contiguous identical DNA sequences. The orientation can be either head-to-tail, or head-to-head. Synonyms: tandem array, sequence tandem repeat.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: sequence tandem repeat, STR, tandem array, variable number tandem repeat
Tandem repeat sequences - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Human Genome
- Multiple copies of the same base sequence on a chromosome; used as markers in physical mapping. See also: physical map
Human Genome Project - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: Directed sequencing, Expressed sequence tag (EST), GC-rich area, Gene prediction, homeobox, microsatellite, repetitive DNA, scaffold, Sequence-tagged site (STS), Transposable element
tank bioreactor - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- A fermentation vessel designed to grow large scale quantities of a micro-organism (bacteria, yeast or fungi). Most tank bioreactor s are designed to be stirred mechanically, since this allows effective distribution throughout the culture of gas and nutrients. Alternative bioreactors use fibre or membrane surfaces to immobilize the cultured cells.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: filter bioreactor, gas transfer, high efficiency particulate air filter, hollow fibre, impeller, membrane bioreactor, mesh bioreactor, photo-bioreactor, pre-filter, sparger
tap root - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- Root system in which the primary root has a much larger diameter than any lateral roots (e.g. carrot). Opposite: fibrous root.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: epiphyte, fibrous root, hydroponics, layering, mist propagation, pre-transplant, radicle, Rhizosphere, Root, root culture, root cutting, root hairs, root tuber, root zone, secondary root, vermiculite
Taq polymerase - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- A heat-stable DNA polymerase isolated from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus, widely used in PCR.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - A heat-stable DNA polymerase isolated from the bacterium Therrnus aquaticus, used in PCR. (See Polymerase.)
Susan Allender-Hagedorn and Charles Hagedorn - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: Amplify, AP-PCR, differential display, DNA amplification, DNA diagnostics, DNA polymerase, DNA replication, Oligonucleotide, PCR, polymerase, polymerase chain reaction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Polymerase (DNA)
target - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- In diagnostic tests, the molecule or nucleic acid sequence assayed in a sample. In mutagenesis, the that needs to be altered to generate the desired change in phenotype.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: desoxyribonucleic acid, diagnostic procedure, EDTA, homopolymer, litmus paper, Nucleic acids, pH, sucrose density gradient centrifugation
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targeted drug delivery - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- A method of delivering the activated form of a drug molecule to the site in the body where it is needed, rather than allowing it reach the target by uncontrolled diffusion.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: active transport, diffusion, Liposomes, Phospholipid, sensitivity, specificity, thermolabile, thermosensitivity, thermostable
Targeted mutagenesis - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Human Genome
- Deliberate change in the genetic structure directed at a specific site on the chromosome. Used in research to determine the targeted region's function. See also: mutation, polymorphism
Human Genome Project - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: Centromere, Chromomere, Chromosome painting, Chromosome region p, Chromosome region q, metaphase, Nucleolar organizing region, Premature chromosome condensation (PCC)
targeting vector - permalink
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- A cloning vector carrying a DNA sequence capable of participating in a recombinational event at a specified chromosomal location in the host cell.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: bifunctional vector, cloning vector, foreign DNA, integrating vector, linearized vector, mini-prep, phagemids, Vector
target site duplication - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- A short sequence of DNA duplicated when a transposable element inserts at a new locus; usually found at each end of the insertion.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: autonomous, cytotype, enhancer element, insertion sequence, IS element, long interspersed nuclear element, retro-element, self-replicating elements
TATA box - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- A widely conserved adenine- and thymine-rich DNA sequence found 25-30 bp upstream of the transcription initiation point of many eukaryotic genes. The TATA box is implicated in the promotion of gene transcription as it acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase. Analogous to the Pribnow box in prokaryotic promoters. Synonym: Hogness box.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - An adenine- and thymine-rich promoter sequence located 25-30 bp upstream of a gene, which is the binding site of RNA polymerase.
Susan Allender-Hagedorn and Charles Hagedorn - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: CAT box, Hogness box, MADS box, nod box, Pribnow box, upstream processing
tautomeric shift - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- The transfer of a hydrogen atom from one position in an organic molecule to another position. Tautomers can have widely different biological activities, as the shift can induce a significant change in the conformation of the molecule.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: allosteric regulation, allosteric site, catalytic site, co-factor, Coenzyme (cofactor), Cofactor, enzyme stabilization, hydrophobic interaction, ligand, metalloenzyme, Transition-state intermediate, zymogen
tautomerism - permalink
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Food Biotechnology
- A type of isomerism in which the two isomers arising from a tautomeric shift are in equilibrium.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: gametic (phase) disequilibrium, gametic (phase) equilibrium, juvenility, linkage disequilibrium, linkage equilibrium, phase change