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Food Biotechnology - See: stacked genes.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: bar gene, candidate gene, dominance, Dominant gene, gene addition, Gene amplification, Gene flow, Gene insertion, gene interaction, Gene modification, Gene splicing, homeotic genes, orphan gene, processed pseudo-gene, Regulatory gene, single copy
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Cancer - (jeen THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment that alters a gene. In studies of gene therapy for cancer, researchers are trying to improve the body's natural ability to fight the disease or to make the cancer cells more sensitive to other kinds of therapy.
National Cancer Institute - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: antiandrogen therapy, antiangiogenesis therapy, antihormone therapy, concurrent therapy, cryotherapy, family therapy, Gerson therapy, immunosuppressive therapy, local therapy, massage therapy, metabolic therapy, metronomic therapy, myelosuppressive therapy, palliative therapy, physical therapy, placebo therapy, respiratory therapy, salvage therapy, sham therapy, steroid therapy, systemic therapy, Therapy
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Food Biotechnology - The proposed treatment of an inherited disease by the transformation of an affected individual with a wild-type copy of the defective gene causing the disorder. In germ-line (or heritable) gene therapy, reproductive cells are transformed; in somatic-cell (or non-inheritable) gene therapy, cells other than reproductive ones are modified.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: Embryonic stem (ES) cells, endopolyploidy, generative, Germ cell, germ cell gene therapy, Germ cell (germ line) gene therapy, germ line, germ line cell, pole cells, primary germ layers, somatic, spermatogonium, sporocyte
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Human Genome - An experimental procedure aimed at replacing, manipulating, or supplementing nonfunctional or misfunctioning genes with healthy genes. See also: gene, inherit, somatic cell gene therapy, germ line gene therapy
Human Genome Project - Cite This Source - This Definition - An evolving technique used to treat inheritied diseases. The medical procedure involves either replacing, manipulating, or supplementing nonfunctional genes with healthy genes. See also gene, genome, inherited, protein
National Human Genome Research Institute - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: Filial generation (F1, F2), germ line gene therapy, heterozygote, Human gene therapy, Hybrid, Somatic cell gene therapy
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Cancer - (jeh-NEH-tik) Inherited; having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells.
National Cancer Institute - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: cell-to-cell signaling, Chromosome, Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, Gene, gene-modified, gene transfer, genetics, hereditary, inherited, retroviral vector
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Cancer - The study of a sample of DNA to look for mutations (changes) that may increase risk of disease or affect the way a person responds to treatment.
National Cancer Institute - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: athymic nude mouse, BRAF gene, BRCA1, BRCA2, Carney complex, chimeric, DNA cytometry, hotspot, mitochondria, mutate, Mutation, Oncogene, polymorphism, somatic mutation
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Food Biotechnology - The correspondence between the set of 64 possible nucleotide triplets and the amino acids and stop codons that they specify. See annex 3.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - The three-letter code that translates nucleic acid sequence into protein sequence. The relationships between the nucleotide base-pair triplets of a messenger RNA molecule and the 20 amino acids that are the building blocks of proteins. See Base pair, Nucleic acid, Nucleotide.
Susan Allender-Hagedorn and Charles Hagedorn - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: Codon, codon optimization, degeneracy, Initiation codon, leader sequence, missense mutation, release factor, start codon, translational initiation signal, translational start codon, universality
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Human Genome - The sequence of nucleotides, coded in triplets (codons) along the mRNA, that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. A gene's DNA sequence can be used to predict the mRNA sequence, and the genetic code can in turn be used to predict the amino acid sequence.
Human Genome Project - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: Annotation, Code, Codon, Data warehouse, Exon, junk DNA, non-coding DNA, nonsense mutation, Open reading frame (ORF)
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Human Genome - The instructions in a gene that tell the cell how to make a specific protein. A, T, G, and C are the "letters" of the DNA code; they stand for the chemicals adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, respectively, that make up the nucleotide bases of DNA. Each gene's code combines the four chemicals in various ways to spell out 3-letter "words" that specify which amino acid is needed at every step in making a protein. See also gene, nucleotide, protein
National Human Genome Research Institute - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: adenine, Adenine (A), base, base pair, Base pair (bp), cytosine, Cytosine (C), DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), guanine, Guanine (G), intellectual property rights, nitrogenous base, Nucleotide, purine, pyrimidine, thymine, Thymine (T), uracil
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Food Biotechnology - A disease caused by an abnormality in the genetic material, which could be at the level of DNA sequence at a locus, or at the level of karyotype. Usually refers to inherited diseases, although somatic mutations can also cause disease without being inherited.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - A disease that has its origin in changes to the genetic material, DNA. Usually refers to diseases that are inherited in a Mendelian fashion, although noninherited forms of cancer also result from DNA mutation.
Susan Allender-Hagedorn and Charles Hagedorn - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: Genetic assimilation, genetics, Green revolution, heterogeneity, instability, Oncogenesis, Syndrome
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Food Biotechnology - A measure of the genetic similarity between any pair of populations. This is measured on the basis of variation in a combination of phenotypic traits, allele frequencies or DNA sequences. For example, the genetic distance between two populations having the same allele frequencies at a particular locus, and based solely on that locus, is zero.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: concordance, economic trait locus, ETL, fixation, genetic distancing, polygene, QTL
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Food Biotechnology - The heritable variation within and among populations which is created, enhanced or maintained by evolutionary or selective forces.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization - Cite This Source - This Definition - Browse Related Terms: adaptation, artificial selection, cell selection, fitness, genetic selection, hybrid selection, Pesticide resistance, selection, selection coefficient, selection differential, selection pressure, selection response