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• The cosmological constant, which measures the energy density of the vacuum.

  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division - Cite This Source - This Definition
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  Cite Definition for Lambda, Λ

  American Psychological Association (APA)

  Lambda, Λ. (n.d.). The Universe Adventure Glossary. Retrieved June 10, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/lambda-Λ.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  Lambda, Λ. pdgusers.lbl.gov. The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/lambda-Λ (accessed: June 10, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "Lambda, Λ." The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. 10 June. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/lambda-Λ.

• Browse Related Terms: Cosmological Constant, Λ, Critical Density, Dark Energy, Deceleration, Energy Density, inflation, Lambda, Λ, Matter-Dominated Universe, model, Quantum Fluctuations, Radiation-Dominated Universe, scalar, Steady State Theory

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• Galaxies, galaxy clusters, and galaxy superclusters.

  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division - Cite This Source - This Definition
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  Cite Definition for Large Scale Structure

  American Psychological Association (APA)

  Large Scale Structure. (n.d.). The Universe Adventure Glossary. Retrieved June 10, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/large-scale-structure.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  Large Scale Structure. pdgusers.lbl.gov. The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/large-scale-structure (accessed: June 10, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "Large Scale Structure." The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. 10 June. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/large-scale-structure.

• Browse Related Terms: Cluster, Density Fluctuations in Matter, Galaxy, Globular Clusters, Inhomogeneity, Large Scale Structure, local group, Structure, Super Cluster

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• The farthest back in the history of the universe that photons could travel freely. Earlier, matter was ionized and interacted with the photons, preventing us from seeing light from longer ago.

  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division - Cite This Source - This Definition
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  Cite Definition for Last Scattering Surface

  American Psychological Association (APA)

  Last Scattering Surface. (n.d.). The Universe Adventure Glossary. Retrieved June 10, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/last-scattering-surface.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  Last Scattering Surface. pdgusers.lbl.gov. The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/last-scattering-surface (accessed: June 10, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "Last Scattering Surface." The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. 10 June. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/last-scattering-surface.

• Browse Related Terms: c, speed of light, Elementary Particle Physics, Fundamental Interactions, Fundamental Particles, Gluon, Gravitational Attraction, Last Scattering Surface, Mass Defect, Meson, Particle Accelerators, Particle Physics, Photon, Quark, radiation, Strong Force

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• It is a general term referring to electromagnetic radiation in the visible part of the spectrum electromagnetic radiation.

  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division - Cite This Source - This Definition
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  Cite Definition for Light

  American Psychological Association (APA)

  Light. (n.d.). The Universe Adventure Glossary. Retrieved June 10, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/light.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  Light. pdgusers.lbl.gov. The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/light (accessed: June 10, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "Light." The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. 10 June. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/light.

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• The distance light travels in a year: {Distance equals rate times time: 300,000,000 meters per second, times roughly 30 million seconds equals roughly} 9.5 trillion kilometers.

  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division - Cite This Source - This Definition
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  Cite Definition for Light Year

  American Psychological Association (APA)

  Light Year. (n.d.). The Universe Adventure Glossary. Retrieved June 10, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/light-year.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  Light Year. pdgusers.lbl.gov. The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/light-year (accessed: June 10, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "Light Year." The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. 10 June. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/light-year.

• Browse Related Terms: Dynamics, Finite, H₀, Hubble Constant, Initial Conditions, Intensity, Light Year, Nought, static, Visible Universe

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• A small cluster of more than 30 galaxies "near" to our galaxy, including the Andromeda galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds.

  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division - Cite This Source - This Definition
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  Cite Definition for local group

  American Psychological Association (APA)

  local group. (n.d.). The Universe Adventure Glossary. Retrieved June 10, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/local-group.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  local group. pdgusers.lbl.gov. The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/local-group (accessed: June 10, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "local group." The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. 10 June. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/local-group.

• Browse Related Terms: Cluster, Density Fluctuations in Matter, Galaxy, Globular Clusters, Inhomogeneity, Large Scale Structure, local group, Structure, Super Cluster

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• The total energy released by an object emitting light, (in our case, this will be a star) per unit time (usually per second). Also, the power (energy per time) of the star. This is an intrinsic quality of the star. In other words, it doesn't matter where you are (neglecting relativistic effects), a star will always have the same luminosity. For most stars, their luminosity is dependent on their mass.

  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division - Cite This Source - This Definition
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  Cite Definition for Luminosity

  American Psychological Association (APA)

  Luminosity. (n.d.). The Universe Adventure Glossary. Retrieved June 10, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/luminosity.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  Luminosity. pdgusers.lbl.gov. The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/luminosity (accessed: June 10, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "Luminosity." The Universe Adventure Glossary. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Physics Division. 10 June. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/luminosity.

• Browse Related Terms: Angular Size, Apparent luminosities, Constant of Proportionality, Dark Matter, Flux, Heavenly Bodies, Intrinsic Luminosity, Inverse Square, Luminosity, Main Sequence Star, Observed Brightness, Parallax, Parsec, Relative Brightness, Standard Candle, Type Ia Supernova, Variable Stars