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• An acid with the structure of C₂H₄O₂. Acetyl groups are bound through an ester linkage to hemicellulose chains, especially xylans, in wood and other plants. The natural moisture present in plants hydrolyzes the acetyl groups to acetic acid, particularly at elevated temperatures.
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  acetic acid. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acetic-acid.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  acetic acid. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acetic-acid (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "acetic acid." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acetic-acid.

• Browse Related Terms: acetic acid, acid insoluble lignin, alkali lignin, ester, fatty acid, Klason lignin, lignocellulose, mass closure (%), native lignin, structural chemical analysis, total lignin, triglyceride, willstatter lignin, wood

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• A solution that has an excess of hydrogen ions (H⁺).
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  ACID. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  ACID. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid (accessed: May 29, 2023).

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  "ACID." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid.

• Browse Related Terms: ACID, Acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, amylase, base, Cellulase, galactan, hemicellulose, hexose, hydrolysis, monosaccharide, polymer, polysaccharide, saccharide, saccharification

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• Organic matter that is not solubilized after one hour of refluxing in an acid detergent of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in 1N sulfuric acid. ADF includes cellulose and lignin. This analytical method is commonly used in the feed and fiber industries. (Source: Milne, T.A.; Brennan, A.H.; Glenn, B.H. Sourcebook of Methods of Analysis for Biomass Conversion and Biomass Conversion Processes. SERI/SP-220-3548. Golden, CO: Solar Energy Research Institute, February 1990.)
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  acid detergent fiber (ADF). (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid-detergent-fiber-adf.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  acid detergent fiber (ADF). www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid-detergent-fiber-adf (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "acid detergent fiber (ADF)." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid-detergent-fiber-adf.

• Browse Related Terms: acid detergent fiber (ADF), bark, carbohydrate, neutral detergent fiber, Ultimate analysis, uronic acid, volatile matter

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• The treatment of cellulosic, starch, or hemicellulosic materials using acid solutions (usually mineral acids) to break down the polysaccharides to simple sugars.

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  Acid hydrolysis. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid-hydrolysis.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  Acid hydrolysis. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid-hydrolysis (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "Acid hydrolysis." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid-hydrolysis.

• Browse Related Terms: ACID, Acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, amylase, base, Cellulase, galactan, hemicellulose, hexose, hydrolysis, monosaccharide, polymer, polysaccharide, saccharide, saccharification

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• Lignin is mostly insoluble in mineral acids, and therefore can be analyzed gravimetrically after hydrolyzing the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions of the biomass with sulfuric acid. ASTM E-1721-95 describes the standard method for determining acid insoluble lignin in biomass.

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  acid insoluble lignin. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid-insoluble-lignin.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  acid insoluble lignin. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid-insoluble-lignin (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "acid insoluble lignin." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid-insoluble-lignin.

• Browse Related Terms: acetic acid, acid insoluble lignin, alkali lignin, ester, fatty acid, Klason lignin, lignocellulose, mass closure (%), native lignin, structural chemical analysis, total lignin, triglyceride, willstatter lignin, wood

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• A small fraction of the lignin in a biomass sample is solubilized during the hydrolysis process of the acid insoluble lignin method. This lignin fraction is referred to as acid soluble lignin and may be quantified by ultraviolet spectroscopy. (Source Ehrman, T. Determination of Acid-Soluble Lignin in Biomass. NREL-LAP-004. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, September 9, 1996.)
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  acid soluble lignin. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid-soluble-lignin.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  acid soluble lignin. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid-soluble-lignin (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "acid soluble lignin." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/acid-soluble-lignin.

• Browse Related Terms: acid soluble lignin, elemental analysis, fixed carbon, Moisture, moisture free basis, NREL, protein, proximate analysis, renewable energy resource, total solids

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• The adhesion, in an extremely thin layer, of molecules (as in gases, solutions, or liquids) to the surface of solid bodies or liquids with which they are in contact.

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  Adsorption. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/adsorption.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  Adsorption. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/adsorption (accessed: May 29, 2023).

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  "Adsorption." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/adsorption.

• Browse Related Terms: Adsorption, attainment area, auger, Capacity, Carbon Dioxide, carbon monoxide, Combustion air, dewatering, fixed bed, fluidized bed, Fly ash, gas turbine, Gasifier, Grid, Particulates, screen analysis, scrubber, Steam Turbine, wet scrubber

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• Able to live, grow, or take place only where free oxygen is present.

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  Aerobic. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/aerobic.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  Aerobic. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/aerobic (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "Aerobic." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/aerobic.

• Browse Related Terms: Aerobic, algae, Anaerobic, anhydrous, aquatic plants, by-product, Effluent, process development unit, Process Heat

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• Fermentation processes that require the presence of oxygen.

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  aerobic fermentation. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/aerobic-fermentation.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  aerobic fermentation. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/aerobic-fermentation (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "aerobic fermentation." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/aerobic-fermentation.

• Browse Related Terms: aerobic fermentation, Annual, batch fermentation, Batch Process, beer, Capital cost, continuous fermentation, distillers dried grains (DDG), inoculum, mash, wort, yeast

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• Agricultural crop residues are the plant parts, primarily stalks and leaves, not removed from the fields with the primary food or fiber product. Examples include corn stover (stalks, leaves, husks, and cobs); wheat straw; and rice straw.

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  agricultural residue. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/agricultural-residue.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  agricultural residue. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/agricultural-residue (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "agricultural residue." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/agricultural-residue.

• Browse Related Terms: agricultural residue, Biomass, Corn stover, energy crop, forestry residues, hardwood, herbaceous energy crops, municipal solid waste, phloem, softwood, stover

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• An alcohol is an organic compound with a carbon bound to a hydroxyl group. Examples are methanol (CH₃OH) and ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH).
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  alcohol. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/alcohol.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  alcohol. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/alcohol (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "alcohol." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/alcohol.

• Browse Related Terms: alcohol, aldehyde, dehydrogenation, Global Warming, Hydrocarbon, hydrocracking, metabolism, methanol (wood alcohol), organic compound, Ozone, photoconversion

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• Any of a class of highly reactive organic chemical compounds characterized by the common group CHO and used in the manufacture of resins, dyes, and organic acids.

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  aldehyde. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/aldehyde.

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  aldehyde. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/aldehyde (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "aldehyde." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/aldehyde.

• Browse Related Terms: alcohol, aldehyde, dehydrogenation, Global Warming, Hydrocarbon, hydrocracking, metabolism, methanol (wood alcohol), organic compound, Ozone, photoconversion

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• Occur when the carbonyl group of a monosaccharide is an aldehyde. (Source: Voet, D.; Voet, J. G. Biochemistry. New York: John Wiley, 1990.)
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  aldoses. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/aldoses.

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  aldoses. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/aldoses (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "aldoses." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/aldoses.

• Browse Related Terms: aldoses, arabinan, Ash, extractives, furfural, glucan, lignin, mannan, toxics, xylan

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• Simple photosynthetic plants containing chlorophyll, often fast growing and able to live in freshwater, seawater, or damp oils. May be unicellular and microscopic or very large, as in the giant kelps.

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  algae. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/algae.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  algae. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/algae (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "algae." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/algae.

• Browse Related Terms: Aerobic, algae, Anaerobic, anhydrous, aquatic plants, by-product, Effluent, process development unit, Process Heat

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• Soluble mineral salt of alkali metals having characteristically “basic” properties.

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  Alkali. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/alkali.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  Alkali. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/alkali (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "Alkali." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/alkali.

• Browse Related Terms: Alkali, aromatic, benzene, guaiacyl, herbaceous plants, hybrid, kraft process, lignin pseudo-molecule for modeling, lignin ratio of MeO to C9, syringyl

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• Lignin obtained by acidification of an alkaline extract of wood.

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  American Psychological Association (APA)

  alkali lignin. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/alkali-lignin.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  alkali lignin. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/alkali-lignin (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "alkali lignin." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/alkali-lignin.

• Browse Related Terms: acetic acid, acid insoluble lignin, alkali lignin, ester, fatty acid, Klason lignin, lignocellulose, mass closure (%), native lignin, structural chemical analysis, total lignin, triglyceride, willstatter lignin, wood

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• The use of solutions of sodium hydroxide (or other alkali) in the treatment of cellulosic material (wood) to break down cellulose to simple sugars.

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  American Psychological Association (APA)

  alkaline hydrolysis. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/alkaline-hydrolysis.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  alkaline hydrolysis. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/alkaline-hydrolysis (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "alkaline hydrolysis." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/alkaline-hydrolysis.

• Browse Related Terms: ACID, Acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, amylase, base, Cellulase, galactan, hemicellulose, hexose, hydrolysis, monosaccharide, polymer, polysaccharide, saccharide, saccharification

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• Family of enzymes that act together to hydrolyze starch to individual glucose and dextran units.

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  amylase. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/amylase.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  amylase. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/amylase (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "amylase." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/amylase.

• Browse Related Terms: ACID, Acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, amylase, base, Cellulase, galactan, hemicellulose, hexose, hydrolysis, monosaccharide, polymer, polysaccharide, saccharide, saccharification

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• Living or active in an airless environment.

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  American Psychological Association (APA)

  Anaerobic. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/anaerobic.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  Anaerobic. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/anaerobic (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "Anaerobic." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/anaerobic.

• Browse Related Terms: Aerobic, algae, Anaerobic, anhydrous, aquatic plants, by-product, Effluent, process development unit, Process Heat

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• Degradation of organic matter by microbes in the absence of oxygen to produce methane and carbon dioxide.

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  Cite Definition for anaerobic digestion

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  anaerobic digestion. (n.d.). Glossary of Biomass Terms. Retrieved May 29, 2023, from website: http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/anaerobic-digestion.

  Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

  anaerobic digestion. www.nrel.gov. Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/anaerobic-digestion (accessed: May 29, 2023).

  Modern Language Association (MLA)

  "anaerobic digestion." Glossary of Biomass Terms. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 29 May. 2023 http://www.expertglossary.com/definition/anaerobic-digestion.

• Browse Related Terms: anaerobic digestion, Bacteria, Bioconversion, Biogas, digester, fermentation, fungi, greenhouse gas, Landfill gas, Methane, microorganism, Photosynthesis, recombinant DNA

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