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An enzyme that is involved in many cell processes, such as cell division. The gene for c-ABL is on chromosome 9. In most patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), the part of chromosome 9 with c-ABL has broken off and traded places with part of chromosome 22 to form the BCR-ABL fusion gene.
- Browse Related Terms: 5Q minus syndrome, 5Q- syndrome, BCR-ABL fusion gene, c-ABL, Philadelphia chromosome, Translocation
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A type of cell in the thyroid. C cells make calcitonin, a hormone that helps control the calcium level in the blood.
- Browse Related Terms: C cell, calcitonin, familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, FIHP, hyperparathyroidism, medullary thyroid cancer, parathormone, parathyrin, parathyroid gland, parathyroid hormone, PTH
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A protein involved in normal cell growth. It is found in high levels on some breast cancer cells. Also called HER2/neu and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.
- Browse Related Terms: c-erbB-2, EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor, ErbB1, HER1, HER2/neu, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, NR-LU-10 antigen
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(... reh-SEP-ter) A protein on the surface of some cells that binds to stem cell factor (a substance that causes certain types of cells to grow). Altered forms of this receptor may be associated with some types of cancer.
- Browse Related Terms: c-kit receptor, endothelin-1 protein receptor antagonist, ER, estrogen receptor, estrogen receptor negative, estrogen receptor positive, estrogen receptor test, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase, hormone receptor, PR-, progesterone receptor, progesterone receptor negative, progesterone receptor positive, progesterone receptor test, receptor
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A substance that may be found in high amounts in the blood of patients with certain types of cancer, including ovarian cancer. CA-125 levels may also help monitor how well cancer treatments are working or if cancer has come back. Also called cancer antigen 125.
- Browse Related Terms: 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, adverse effect, alkalinization, analog, CA-125, cancer antigen 125, Carcinogen, Compound, implant, laxative, lubricant, Myelin, odorant, technetium Tc 99m dextran, TPA, vitamin K, YKL-40
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A test that measures the level of CA 19-9 in the blood. CA 19-9 is a tumor marker released into the bloodstream from both cancer cells and normal cells. Higher than normal amounts of CA 19-9 in the blood can be a sign of gallbladder or pancreatic cancer or other conditions.
- Browse Related Terms: AFP, alpha-fetoprotein, beta-2-microglobulin, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, blood chemistry study, CA 19-9 assay, calcification, gallium scan, gonad, liver function test, oxidative stress, prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific antigen test, prostatic acid phosphatase, PSA, PSA bounce, serum tumor marker test, SPF, tumor marker, venous sampling
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Surgery in which a healthy blood vessel taken from another part of the body is used to make a new path for blood around a blocked artery leading to the heart. This restores the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart. Also called aortocoronary bypass and coronary artery bypass.
- Browse Related Terms: aorta, aortocoronary bypass, CAB, CAD, coronary artery bypass, coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, environmental tobacco smoke, obstruction, stroke
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(ka-KEK-see-a) Loss of body weight and muscle mass, and weakness that may occur in patients with cancer, AIDS, or other chronic diseases.
- Browse Related Terms: anorexia, cachexia, dehydration, fever, fungus, goiter, Horner syndrome, hydronephrosis, kidney failure, mold, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, NMS, rabies, Renal Failure, side effect, varicose vein, villus
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Coronary artery disease. A disease in which there is a narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries (blood vessels that carry blood and oxygen to the heart). CAD is usually caused by atherosclerosis (a build up of fatty material and plaque inside the coronary arteries). The disease may cause chest pain, shortness of breath during exercise, and heart attacks. The risk of CAD is increased by having a family history of CAD before age 50, older age, smoking tobacco, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, lack of exercise, and obesity. Also called coronary artery disease and coronary heart disease.
- Browse Related Terms: aorta, aortocoronary bypass, CAB, CAD, coronary artery bypass, coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, environmental tobacco smoke, obstruction, stroke
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(KAD-me-um) A metallic element that occurs naturally in tiny amounts in air, water, soil, and food. It is a byproduct of zinc refining, and is used to make batteries, pigments, plastics, alloys, and electroplate. It is also found in cigarette smoke. Exposure to high levels of cadmium may cause certain cancers and other health problems.
- Browse Related Terms: aggravating factor, cadmium, inhaler, maximum inspiratory pressure test, MIP test, nicotine gum, nicotine inhaler, nicotine lozenge, nicotine nasal spray, nicotine patch, nicotine replacement therapy, pack year
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(ka-FEEN) A substance found in the leaves and beans of the coffee tree, in tea, yerba mate, guarana berries, and in small amounts in cocoa. It can also be made in the laboratory, and is added to some soft drinks, foods, and medicines. Caffeine increases brain activity, alertness, attention, and energy. It may also increase blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, and the loss of water from the body in urine.
- Browse Related Terms: alopecia, asymmetry, caffeine, Calorie, energy balance, Gene, gene deletion, massage therapy, physical therapist, physical therapy, prevention, protective factor, stamina
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Deposits of calcium in the tissues. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer.
- Browse Related Terms: AFP, alpha-fetoprotein, beta-2-microglobulin, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, blood chemistry study, CA 19-9 assay, calcification, gallium scan, gonad, liver function test, oxidative stress, prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific antigen test, prostatic acid phosphatase, PSA, PSA bounce, serum tumor marker test, SPF, tumor marker, venous sampling
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(cal-sih-fih-cay"-shuns) are a finding reported on mammograms. They are an indicator of increased in breast activity in some cells.
- Browse Related Terms: Anesthesia, Calcifications or Microcalcifications, Fatigue, Glial cells, Hyperplasia, Invasive, Margins, Microcalcifications or calcifications, non-melanoma skin cancer, placebo, S-phase fraction, Schwann cells, tissue, Tumor
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(KAL-sih-TOH-nin) A hormone formed by the C cells of the thyroid gland. It helps maintain a healthy level of calcium in the blood. When the calcium level is too high, calcitonin lowers it.
- Browse Related Terms: C cell, calcitonin, familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, FIHP, hyperparathyroidism, medullary thyroid cancer, parathormone, parathyrin, parathyroid gland, parathyroid hormone, PTH
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(kal-sih-TREE-ol) The active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol is formed in the kidneys or made in the laboratory. It is used as a drug to increase calcium levels in the body in order to treat skeletal and tissue-related calcium deficiencies caused by kidney or thyroid disorders.
- Browse Related Terms: AAP, alanine aminopeptidase, Blood Urea Nitrogen, BUN, calcitriol, creatinine, dialysis, hypernephroma, kidney function test, nephrotoxic, renal cell cancer, renal function test, renal glomerulus, renal tubular acidosis, urea nitrogen
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(KAL-see-um) A mineral found in teeth, bones, and other body tissues.
- Browse Related Terms: calcium, chest wall, cholecalciferol, enchondroma, extracorporeal photopheresis, graft, musculoskeletal, phosphorus, photopheresis, skeletal
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A mineral taken primarily as a supplement to prevent osteoporosis. It is also being studied for cancer prevention.
- Browse Related Terms: anticarcinogenic, calcium carbonate, cancer vaccine, CellCept, enalapril, fluoroquinolone, L-norgestrel, levonorgestrel, mycophenolate mofetil, Plan B, signal transduction inhibitor, WGA study, whole genome association study
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(KAL-see-um GLOO-koh-nayt) The mineral calcium, combined with a form of the sugar glucose. It is used to prevent and treat bone loss. It is also being studied in the treatment of bone loss and nerve damage caused by chemotherapy.
- Browse Related Terms: alendronate sodium, bisphosphonate, bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis, BON, calcium gluconate, diphosphonate, Fosamax, gallium nitrate, zoledronate, zoledronic acid, Zometa
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(KAL-see-um LEE-voh-LOO-koh-VOR-in) A drug used to reduce the toxic effects of folic acid antagonists (substances that block the action of folic acid), especially the anticancer drug methotrexate. It is also used to treat anemia and it is used with fluorouracil to treat symptoms of advanced colorectal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer and other conditions. Calcium levoleucovorin is a form of folic acid, a B-complex vitamin that the body needs to make red blood cells and to function and stay healthy. Calcium levoleucovorin is a type of chemoprotective agent and a type of chemosensitizing agent. Also called leucovorin calcium and Wellcovorin.
- Browse Related Terms: calcium levoleucovorin, chemosensitivity assay, Citrovorum factor, folinic acid, leucovorin, leucovorin calcium, Wellcovorin
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(kuh-LEN-dyuh-luh OYNT-ment) A substance made from the flower of the marigold plant Calendula officinalis . Calendula-based skin products have been used to treat minor cuts, burns, and skin irritation. The products that are available in the United States may not contain the same amount or mixture of ingredients and may not be effective. Another product, Calendula ointment, is being studied in France in the prevention of dermatitis in patients having radiation therapy for breast cancer. The ointment being studied is not available in the United States.
- Browse Related Terms: calendula ointment, dietary supplement, ETS, herbal supplement, nutritional supplement, ointment, petrolatum, petroleum jelly, secondhand smoke, unguent