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Abbreviation for displacement loop. Formed when a short stretch of RNA is paired with one strand of DNA. This displaces the original partner DNA; also the displacement of a region of one strand of duplex DNA by a single-stranded invader in the reaction catalyzed by recA.
- Browse Related Terms: anneal, cot curve, Cross-hybridization, D loop, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DNA hybridization, double-stranded DNA, fold-back, hairpin loop, heteroduplex analysis, Hybridization, inverted repeat, polymerase chain reaction, R-loops, renaturation, Renature, single-strand conformational polymorphism, Stringency
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- Browse Related Terms: dA - dT tailing, dG - dC tailing, exo III, exodeoxyribonuclease III, Exonuclease, exonuclease III, tailing
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(Full term: single domain antibody ). Antibodies with only one (instead of two) protein chain derived from only one of the two domains of the normal antibody structure. Exploits the finding that for some antibodies, half of the molecule binds to its target antigen almost as well as the whole molecule. The major advantage of dAbs over other antibodies is that they can be cloned and expressed into bacteria, so that large numbers of antibodies can be generated and screened in parallel.
- Browse Related Terms: abzyme, antibody class, antibody structure, complementarity-determining regions, DAB, Fab, FC, hypervariable region, IgA/Igd/IgG/IgE/IgM, immunoglobulin, immunosensor, in situ hybridization, kappa chain, lambda chain, V region
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- Browse Related Terms: DAF, DAMD, deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA profile, DNase (deoxyribonuclease), Fingerprinting, genetic fingerprinting
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(Abbreviation: Da). A unit of atomic mass roughly equivalent to the mass of a hydrogen atom. Used as to express molecular weight, which for biological macromolecules is usually in the range kilo- (kDa) to megaDaltons (MDa).
A unit of measurement equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom, 1.67 x 10E-24 gram/L (Avogadro's number).
- Browse Related Terms: Dalton, hanging droplet technique, kDa, MDA, megaDalton, multiple drop array
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- Browse Related Terms: DAF, DAMD, deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA profile, DNase (deoxyribonuclease), Fingerprinting, genetic fingerprinting
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Selection of a clone from a large number of essentially random starting points, rather than isolating a natural gene or making a carefully designed artificial one. Molecules which are more similar to those needed are selected, mutated to generate new variants, and re-selected. The cycle proceeds until the required molecule is found. The advantage of the system is that the selection is from a vast number of possibilities.
- Browse Related Terms: amorph, back mutation, cis heterozygote, cryptic, Darwinian cloning, Deletion, down promoter mutation, genetic disease, hemophilia, heteroallele, hypomorph, Irradiation, mutable gene, Mutation, mutation pressure, neutral mutation, neutral theory, Point mutation, Recessive gene, silent mutation, Site-directed mutagenesis, somatic hypermutation, spontaneous mutation, trans heterozygote, X-linked disease
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Abbreviation for deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate. dATP is required for DNA synthesis since it is a direct precursor molecule. See: adenosine, adenylic acid.
- Browse Related Terms: CTP, dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, GTP, in vitro mutagenesis, TTP, uridine triphosphate (uridine 5'-triphosphate), UTP
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Abbreviation for deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate. dCTP is required for DNA synthesis since it is a direct precursor molecule. See: cytidine, cytidylic acid.
- Browse Related Terms: CTP, dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, GTP, in vitro mutagenesis, TTP, uridine triphosphate (uridine 5'-triphosphate), UTP
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Abbreviation for di-deoxynucleotide.
- Browse Related Terms: AHG, antihaemophilic factor VIII, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, ddNTP, didN
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The process, in response to wounding and in tissue cultures, by which plant cells can become unspecialized and start to proliferate by cell division to form a mass of undifferentiated cells (or callus ) which, in response to appropriate stimuli, may later differentiate again to form either the same cell type or a different one.
- Browse Related Terms: autolysis, basophil, cell differentiation, de-differentiation, determination, Differentiation, Dolly, embryo cloning, ES cells, gene regulation, gland, In situ, intercellular space, parenchyma, somatic cell gene therapy, Somatic cells, stem cell, undifferentiated
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Water from which most salts have been removed - with varying degrees of efficiency - by ion exchange.
- Browse Related Terms: bound water, cryoprotectant, de-ionized water, demineralize, dry weight, free water, freeze-dry, fresh weight, lyophilize, polyacrylamide gel, wet weight
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The final growth phase of cell culture, during which nutrients have been depleted and cell number decreases.
The final growth phase, during which nutrients have been depleted and cell number decreases. (See Growth phase).
- Browse Related Terms: Death phase, deceleration phase, exponential phase, growth phase, Growth phase (curve), latent phase, linear phase, logarithmic phase, minimum effective cell density
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The phase of declining growth rate, following the linear phase and preceding the stationary phase in most batch-suspension cultures. See: growth phase.
- Browse Related Terms: Death phase, deceleration phase, exponential phase, growth phase, Growth phase (curve), latent phase, linear phase, logarithmic phase, minimum effective cell density
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A virus that, by itself, is unable to reproduce when infecting its host cell, but that can grow in the presence of another virus. This other virus provides the necessary molecular machinery that the first virus lacks.
- Browse Related Terms: defective virus, fusogenic agent, heteropyknosis, interferon, Logarithmic phase (log or exponential growth phase), lytic, lytic cycle, packaging cell line, stationary phase, synchronous culture, temperate phage
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Lack of adequate supply of nutritional, enzymatic, or environmental requirements, so that development, growth or physiological functions are affected.
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1. Fixed conditions of medium, environment and protocol for growth. 2. Precisely known and stated elements of a tissue culture medium.
- Browse Related Terms: artificial medium, bridge, chemically-defined medium, defined, exotoxin, explant, fortify, free-living conditions, habituation, isolation medium, Jiffy potä, Media, nutrient gradient, organ culture, osmoticum, passage, production environment, reversal transfer, serial float culture, spent medium, Steward bottle, suspension culture, Tissue culture
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The specification of one amino acid by more than one codon. It arises from the inevitable redundancy resulting from the 64 possible codons encoding only 20 amino acids.
- Browse Related Terms: amber stop codon, degeneracy, missense mutation, ochre stop codon, opal stop codon, release factor, terminator codon, translational initiation signal, translational start codon, translational stop signal
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1. Changes in cells, tissues or organs due to disease. 2. The reduction in size or complete loss of organs during evolution.
- Browse Related Terms: degeneration, direct organogenesis, excision, histocompatibility, induction media, intercalary, necrosis, organized growth, polarity, senescence, Stroma, totipotency
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The removal of halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) from molecules, for example during biodegradation.
- Browse Related Terms: cluster of differentiation, dehalogenation, dimer, end-labelling, Hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interaction, Liposomes, Modification, Molecule, tautomeric shift, thermosensitivity, thermostable