adjuvant therapy(A-joo-vant THAYR-uh-pee) Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure.
ADLActivities of daily living. The tasks of everyday life. Basic ADLs include eating, dressing, getting into or out of a bed or chair, taking a bath or…
administration(ad-MIH-nih-STRAY-shun) In medicine, the act of giving a treatment, such as a drug, to a patient.
Administrative or Fiscal AgentEntity that functions to assist the grantee, consortium, or other planning body in carrying out administrative activities (e.g.
adnexal mass(ad-NEK-sulâ¦) A lump in tissue near the uterus, usually in the ovary or fallopian tube.
Adrenal androgrens((uh-dree'-nul an'-dro-junz) steroids synthesized by the adrenal cortex that promote masculinization.
adrenal cancer(uh-DREE-nul KAN-ser) Cancer that forms in the tissues of the adrenal glands (two glands located just above the kidneys).
adrenal cortex(uh-DREE-nul KOR-tex) The outer part of the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of each kidney).
adrenal gland(uh-DREE-nul...) A small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline.
adrenal medulla(uh-DREE-nul meh-DOO-luh) The inner part of the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of each kidney).
adrenalectomy(uh-DREE-nul-EK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove one or both adrenal glands (a small organ on top of each kidney).
adrenalineA hormone and neurotransmitter. Also called epinephrine.
adrenocortical(uh-DREE-noh-KOR-tih-kol) Having to do with or made by the outer layer of the adrenal gland, which produces steroid hormones.
adrenocortical cancer(uh-DREE-noh-KOR-tih-kol KAN-ser) A rare cancer that forms in the outer layer of tissue of the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of each kidney that…
adrenocortical carcinoma(uh-DREE-noh-KOR-tih-kol KAR-sih-NOH-muh) A rare cancer that forms in the outer layer of tissue of the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of each kidney…
adrenocorticotropic hormone(uh-DREE-noh-KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pik HOR-mone) A hormone made in the pituitary gland.
Adriamycin PFS(AY-dree-uh-MY-sin â¦) A drug that is used to treat many types of cancer and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer.
Adriamycin RDF(AY-dree-uh-MY-sin â¦) A drug that is used to treat many types of cancer and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer.
adult T-cell leukemia/lymphomaAn aggressive (fast-growing) type of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma caused by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1).
advance directiveA legal document that states the treatment or care a person wishes to receive or not receive if he or she becomes unable to make medical decisions (for…
advanced cancer(ad-VANST KAN-ser) Cancer that has spread to other places in the body and usually cannot be cured or controlled with treatment.
advanced malignant mesothelioma(...muh-LIG-nunt meh-zuh-thee-lee-OH-muh) Malignant mesothelioma that is stage II, III, or IV.
Advanced Premium Tax CreditThe Affordable Care Act provides a new tax credit to help you afford health coverage purchased through the Marketplace.
adverse event(AD-vers eh-VENT) An unexpected medical problem that happens during treatment with a drug or other therapy.
Advil(AD-vil) A drug used to treat fever, swelling, pain, and redness by preventing the body from making a substance that causes inflammation.
AE-941A substance made from shark cartilage that is being studied for its ability to prevent the growth of new blood vessels to solid tumors.
AEE788A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and…
AEG35156A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. AEG35156 may block a protein called XIAP so that chemotherapy is able to kill more…
AerobicIn biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present.
aerobic metabolismA chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars).
aerobic respirationA chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars).
aerodigestive tractThe combined organs and tissues of the respiratory tract and the upper part of the digestive tract (including the lips, mouth, tongue, nose, throat, vocal…
aerosolizeIn medicine, to turn a liquid drug into a fine mist that can be inhaled.
Affordable Care ActThe comprehensive health care reform law enacted in March 2010. The law was enacted in two parts: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was…
Affordable Care Act (ACA)This is the title usually given to the federal health reform passed in March 2010 and collectively refers to the provisions of the Patient Protection and…
Affordable coverage (as it relates to APTC)Employer coverage is considered affordable - as it relates to the Advanced Premium Tax Credit (APTC) - if the employee’s share of the annual premium for…
aflatoxin(A-fluh-TOK-sin) A harmful substance made by certain types of mold ( Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus ) that is often found on poorly stored…
aflibercept(a-FLIH-ber-sept) A substance being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer.
AFPA protein normally produced by a fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy adult men or women (who are not pregnant).
AFP464A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. AFP464 kills cancer cells or stops them from dividing. It is a type of aminoflavone.
AG-013736A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors and protein tyrosine…
AG2037A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called glycinamide ribonucleotide formyl transferase…
AG3340A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor and belongs to the family of drugs called…
AG337A substance that is being studied in the treatment of liver cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called thymidylate synthase inhibitors.
Age RatingVarying premiums based on age. The ACA will cap the maximum variation for age at 3:1.
Age-Adjusted RateA statistical method allowing comparisons of populations that takes into account age-distribution differences between populations.
Age-Conditional RiskA term related to lifetime risk. The probability of developing cancer starting at a specific age and during a specified number of years.
Age-Specific RateThe rate of incidence or mortality of a specific age group, calculated per 100,000 people.
AgentAgent means any individual, other than a broker-dealer, who represents a broker-dealer or issuer in effecting or attempting to effect purchases or sales…
agent studyIn cancer prevention, a clinical trial that studies whether taking certain medicines, vitamins, minerals, or food supplements can prevent cancer.
agglutininA substance that makes particles (such as bacteria or cells) stick together to form a clump or a mass.
aggravating factor(A-gruh-VAY-ting FAK-ter) Something that makes a condition worse. For example, tobacco smoke is an aggravating factor for asthma.
aggressive lymphomaA type of lymphoma that grows and spreads quickly, and has severe symptoms. It is seen frequently in patients who are HIV-positive (AIDS-related lymphoma).
agitation(A-jih-TAY-shun) A condition in which a person is unable to relax and be still.
agnogenic myeloid metaplasia(ag-noh-JEN-ik MY-eh-loyd meh-tuh-PLAY-zhuh) A progressive, chronic disease in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue and blood is made in…
agonistA drug that triggers an action from a cell or another drug.
agranulocyte(ay-GRAN-yoo-loh-SITE) A type of white blood cell. Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranulocytes.
AHAOne of a group of substances that are found in several types of fruit and in milk.
AIDSA disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). People with AIDS are at an increased risk for developing certain cancers and for infections…
AIDS Service Organization (ASO)An organization that provides primary medical care and/or support services to populations infected with and affected by HIV disease.
AIDS-related cancer(â¦reh-LAYT-id KAN-ser) Certain cancer types that are more likely to occur in people who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus…
Airborne transmissionIn this type of transmission, infective agents are spread as aerosols, and usually enter a person through the respiratory tract.
AJCC staging system(... STAY-jing SIS-tem) A system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer for describing the extent of cancer in a patient's body.
alanine aminopeptidaseAn enzyme that is used as a biomarker to detect damage to the kidneys, and that may be used to help diagnose certain kidney disorders.
alanine transferaseAn enzyme found in the liver and other tissues. A high level of alanine transferase released into the blood may be a sign of liver damage, cancer, or…
alanosineA substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. Also called SDX-102.
albinism(AL-bye-niz-em) A group of genetic conditions marked by little or none of the pigment melanin in the skin, hair, and/or eyes.
Albumin(al-BYOO-min) A type of protein found in blood, egg white, milk, and other substances.
AlbuminuriaThe presence of simple protein in the urine, sometimes indicative of kidney disease.
ALCLAn aggressive (fast-growing) type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is usually of the T-cell type.
alcohol(AL-kuh-hol) A chemical substance found in beer, wine, and liquor. Alcohol is also found in some medicines, mouthwashes, essential oils (scented liquid…
alcohol dependenceA disease in which a person craves alcohol, is unable to limit his or her drinking, needs to drink greater amounts to get the same effect, and has…
alcoholism(AL-kuh-HAW-LIH-zum) A disease in which a person craves alcohol, is unable to limit his or her drinking, needs to drink greater amounts to get the same…
Aldara(al-DAR-uh) A drug used to treat early basal cell skin cancer and certain other skin conditions.
aldehyde(AL-deh-hide) A type of chemical substance made from alcohol. Aldehydes are found in essential oils (scented liquid taken from plants).
aldesleukin(AL-des-LOO-kin) A drug used to treat some types of cancer. It is a form of interleukin-2, a cytokine made by leukocytes (white blood cells), that is made…
aldosterone(al-DOS-teh-rone) A steroid hormone made by the adrenal cortex (the outer layer of the adrenal gland).
Aldrich syndrome(AL-drich SIN-drome) An inherited immune disorder that occurs in young boys. It causes eczema (a type of skin inflammation), a decrease in the number of…
alefacept(uh-LEH-fuh-sept) A drug that is used to treat certain skin conditions and is being studied in the treatment of cutaneous (skin-related) T-cell cancer and…
alemtuzumabA type of monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of leukemia. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to…
alendronate sodium(uh-LEN-droh-nayt SOH-dee-um) A drug used to treat certain bone conditions, such as osteoporosis and Paget disease of the bone.
AlimonyAlimony is money you get from a spouse with whom you no longer live, or a former spouse, if paid to you as part of a divorce agreement, separation…
Alimta(uh-LIM-tuh) A drug that is used to treat malignant pleural mesothelioma and advanced non-small cell lung cancer and is being studied in the treatment of…
alkalinization(AL-ka-LIN-ih-ZAY-shun) The process by which a substance becomes an alkali. An alkali is the opposite of an acid.
alkaloidA member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer.
AlkeranA drug that is used to treat multiple myeloma and ovarian epithelial cancer and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer.
alkylating agent(AL-kuh-LAY-ting AY-jent) A type of drug that is used in the treatment of cancer. It interferes with the cell's DNA and inhibits cancer cell growth.
ALLA fast-growing type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the blood and bone marrow.
all-trans retinoic acid(all-tranz REH-tih-NOH-ik A-sid) A form of vitamin A that is made by the body, and can also be made in the laboratory.
Allegra(uh-LEH-gruh) A drug used to treat certain allergy symptoms. It blocks a chemical released during an allergic response that causes itching, sneezing…
allergen(AL-er-jen) A substance that causes an allergic response. Examples include pollen, molds, and certain foods.
allergic response(uh-LER-jik reh-SPONTS) A hypersensitive immune reaction to a substance that normally is harmless or would not cause an immune response in most people.
AllergyAn abnormally high sensitivity to certain substances, such as pollens, foods, or microorganisms.
Allogeneic(A-loh-jeh-NAY-ik) Taken from different individuals of the same species. Also called allogenic.