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When the combined effects of alleles at different loci are equal to the sum of their individual effects. See also: anticipation, complex trait
- Browse Related Terms: Additive genetic effects, allele, allogeneic, Autosomal dominant, carrier, Codominance, Disease-associated genes, Dominant, Fingerprinting, Forensics, Gene pool, Gene product, Genetic illness, Heterozygosity, homozygote, linkage disequilibrium, Polygenic disorder, polymorphism, Suppressor gene
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One of the four bases in DNA that make up the letters ATGC, adenine is the "A". The others are guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Adenine always pairs with thymine. See also protein, nucleotide, uracil, thymine, guanine
- Browse Related Terms: adenine, Adenine (A), base, Base pair, Base pair (bp), Complementary sequence, cytosine, Cytosine (C), DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), DNA sequence, genetic code (ATGC), guanine, Guanine (G), Hybridization, Nitrogenous base, nucleotide, purine, pyrimidine, thymine, Thymine (T), uracil
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A nitrogenous base, one member of the base pair AT (adenine-thymine). See also: base pair, nucleotide
- Browse Related Terms: adenine, Adenine (A), base, Base pair, Base pair (bp), Complementary sequence, cytosine, Cytosine (C), DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), DNA sequence, genetic code (ATGC), guanine, Guanine (G), Hybridization, Nitrogenous base, nucleotide, purine, pyrimidine, thymine, Thymine (T), uracil
All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Human Genome
A severe immunodeficiency disease that results from a lack of the enzyme adenosine deaminase. It usually leads to death within the first few months of life. See also gene
- Browse Related Terms: adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA), Alagille syndrome, diabetes mellitus, Ellis - van Creveld syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, hemophilia, multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN1), polydactyly, primary immunodeficiency, Wolfram syndrome
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A group of DNA containing viruses which cause respiratory disease, including one form of the common cold. Adenoviruses can also be genetically modified and used in gene therapy to treat cystic fibrosis, cancer, and potentially other diseases. See also cancer
- Browse Related Terms: adenovirus, BRCA1/BRCA2, Cancer, Carcinogen, carcinoma, Hereditary cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), lymphocyte, melanoma, oncogene, oncovirus, p53, prostate cancer, retrovirus, Sporadic cancer, suicide gene, tumor suppressor gene
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Individuals related by blood, each of whom is affected with the same trait. Examples are affected sibling, cousin, and avuncular pairs. See also: avuncular relationship
- Browse Related Terms: Affected relative pair, Complex trait, congenital, Cytoplasmic (uniparental) inheritance, Fraternal twin, Genetics, Genotype, Identical twin, Oligogenic, pedigree, penetrance, phenocopy, Phenotype, pleiotropy, syndrome, Syngeneic
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A technique used in model organism studies in which embryos at the 8-cell stage of development are pushed together to yield a single embryo (used as an alternative to microinjection). See also: model organisms
- Browse Related Terms: Aggregation technique, animal model, Biotechnology, Comparative genomics, Directed evolution, Genome project, knockout, Microbial genetics, Model organisms, Molecular farming, mouse model, technology transfer
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A rare inherited liver disorder seen in infants and young children. The disease is characterized by a buildup of bile in the liver due to a deficiency or absence of normal bile ducts inside the liver and a narrowing of bile ducts outside the liver. Symptoms of the disorder can include jaundice, stunted growth, fatty deposits in the skin, facial deformities, and abnormalities in the heart, eyes, vertebrae, and kidneys. See also gene, inherited
- Browse Related Terms: adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA), Alagille syndrome, diabetes mellitus, Ellis - van Creveld syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, hemophilia, multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN1), polydactyly, primary immunodeficiency, Wolfram syndrome
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One of the variant forms of a gene at a particular locus, or location, on a chromosome. Different alleles produce variation in inherited characteristics such as hair color or blood type. In an individual, one form of the allele (the dominant one) may be expressed more than another form (the recessive one). See also chromosome, deletion, dominant, gene, insertion, locus, recessive, substitution
Alternative form of a genetic locus; a single allele for each locus is inherited from each parent (e.g., at a locus for eye color the allele might result in blue or brown eyes). See also: locus, gene expression
- Browse Related Terms: Additive genetic effects, allele, allogeneic, Autosomal dominant, carrier, Codominance, Disease-associated genes, Dominant, Fingerprinting, Forensics, Gene pool, Gene product, Genetic illness, Heterozygosity, homozygote, linkage disequilibrium, Polygenic disorder, polymorphism, Suppressor gene
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Variation in alleles among members of the same species.
- Browse Related Terms: Additive genetic effects, allele, allogeneic, Autosomal dominant, carrier, Codominance, Disease-associated genes, Dominant, Fingerprinting, Forensics, Gene pool, Gene product, Genetic illness, Heterozygosity, homozygote, linkage disequilibrium, Polygenic disorder, polymorphism, Suppressor gene
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Different ways of combining a gene's exons to make variants of the complete protein
- Browse Related Terms: Alternative splicing, Amino acid, amino acids, chimeraplasty, conserved sequence, domain, electrophoresis, enzyme, Full gene sequence, isoenzyme, Microarray, protease, protein, repressor, Sequencing, Structural genomics, substitution, transcription factor, Western blot, Zinc-finger protein
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Any of a class of 20 molecules that are combined to form proteins in living things. The sequence of amino acids in a protein and hence protein function are determined by the genetic code.
- Browse Related Terms: Alternative splicing, Amino acid, amino acids, chimeraplasty, conserved sequence, domain, electrophoresis, enzyme, Full gene sequence, isoenzyme, Microarray, protease, protein, repressor, Sequencing, Structural genomics, substitution, transcription factor, Western blot, Zinc-finger protein
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A group of 20 different kinds of small molecules that link together in long chains to form proteins. Often referred to as the "building blocks" of proteins. See also protein
- Browse Related Terms: Alternative splicing, Amino acid, amino acids, chimeraplasty, conserved sequence, domain, electrophoresis, enzyme, Full gene sequence, isoenzyme, Microarray, protease, protein, repressor, Sequencing, Structural genomics, substitution, transcription factor, Western blot, Zinc-finger protein
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An increase in the number of copies of a specific DNA fragment; can be in vivo or in vitro. See also: cloning, polymerase chain reaction
- Browse Related Terms: Amplification, Capillary array, Multiplexing, primer, Sequence tagged site (STS)
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A laboratory animal useful for medical research because it has specific characteristics that resemble a human disease or disorder. Scientists can create animal models, usually laboratory mice, by transferring new genes into them. See also gene, deletion, mutation, transgenic
See: model organisms
- Browse Related Terms: Aggregation technique, animal model, Biotechnology, Comparative genomics, Directed evolution, Genome project, knockout, Microbial genetics, Model organisms, Molecular farming, mouse model, technology transfer
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Adding pertinent information such as gene coded for, amino acid sequence, or other commentary to the database entry of raw sequence of DNA bases. See also: bioinformatics
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All > Science > Biotechnology and Genetics > Human Genome
A blood protein that is produced in response to and counteracts an antigen. Antibodies are produced in response to disease and help the body fight against the particular disease. In this way, antibodies help the body develop an immunity to disease. See also lymphocyte, protein
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Each generation of offspring has increased severity of a genetic disorder; e.g., a grandchild may have earlier onset and more severe symptoms than the parent, who had earlier onset than the grandparent. See also: additive genetic effects, complex trait
- Browse Related Terms: Anticipation, Cytoplasmic trait, Filial generation (F1, F2), Germ line, Germ line gene therapy, hybrid, inherited, Mendel, Johann (Gregor), Mendelian inheritance, somatic cell gene therapy, Somatic cell genetic mutation
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Nucleic acid that has a sequence exactly opposite to an mRNA molecule made by the body; binds to the mRNA molecule to prevent a protein from being made. See also: transcription
The non-coding strand in double-stranded DNA. The antisense strand serves as the template for mRNA synthesis. See also cell
- Browse Related Terms: antisense, cDNA library, Code, codon, exon, Genetic code, Junk DNA, Messenger RNA (mRNA), non-coding DNA, nonsense mutation, Open reading frame (ORF), Ribonucleic acid (RNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), Translation