Biotechnology and Genetics — page 33 of 40

3,925 terms including subtopics (0 terms filed directly here)

Subtopics

Food Biotechnology 3,375 terms
Human Genome 456 terms
Stem Cell 423 terms

Biotechnology and Genetics terms

ribosome-inactivating protein (Abbreviation: RIP). A class of plant proteins that inhibit normal ribosome function, and are thus highly toxic.
Ribosomes Small cellular components composed of specialized ribosomal RNA and protein; site of protein synthesis. See also: RNA
Ribozyme See Catalytic RNA.
ribulose A keto-pentose sugar (C5H11O5) involved in the carbon dioxide fixation pathway of photosynthesis.
ribulose biphosphate (Abbreviation: RuBP). A five-carbon sugar combined with carbon dioxide to form a six-carbon intermediate in the first stage of the dark reaction of…
rinderpest Cattle plague; a viral infection of cattle, sheep and goats.
RIP The procedures used to unbundle email collections into individual emails during the e-discovery process while preserving authenticity and ownership.
Risk The possibility of loss; the uncertainty of future returns.
risk analysis A process consisting of three components: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication performed to understand the nature of unwanted, negative…
risk assessment a scientifically based process consisting of the following steps: i) hazard identification; ii) hazard characterization; iii) exposure assessment; and iv)…
risk communication The interactive exchange of information and opinions throughout the risk analysis process concerning hazards and risks, risk-related factors and risk…
risk management The process, distinct from risk assessment, of weighing policy alternatives, in consultation with all interested parties, considering risk assessment and…
RNA One of the two types of nucleic acids found in all cells. In the cell, RNA is made from DNA (the other type of nucleic acid), and proteins are made from…
RNA (Ribonucleic acid) An organic acid composed of re- peating nucleotide units of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil, whose ribose components are linked by phosphodiester…
RNA editing Post-transcriptional processes that alter the information encoded in RNA s.
RNA polymerase Transcribes RNA from a DNA template. (See Polymerase, RNA.)
RNA-dependent DNA polymerase See: reverse transcriptase.
RNAase Abbreviation for ribonuclease.
RNase Abbreviation for ribonuclease.
rol genes A family of genes, present on the Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, that when transferred to a plant upon infection by the bacterium, induce…
root To trap a target in place/stuck using a "root" type spell such as Entangling Roots.
root apex The apical meristem of a root; very similar to the shoot apical meristem in that it forms the three meristematic areas: the protoderm (develops into the…
root cap A mass of reinforced cells covering and protecting the apical meristem of a root.
root culture The culture of isolated apical or lateral root tips to produce in vitro root systems with indeterminate growth habits.
root cutting Cutting made from sections of roots alone.
root hairs Outgrowths from epidermal cell walls of the root, specialized for water and nutrient absorption.
root nodule A small round mass of cells attached to the roots of leguminous plants, containing symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteroids, particularly Rhizobium spp.
root tuber Thickened root that stores carbohydrates.
Root zone The volume of soil or growing medium containing the roots of a plant. In soil science, the depth of the soil profile in which roots are normally found.
rootstock The trunk or root material to which buds or scions are inserted in grafting. See: stock.
rotary shaker Rotating apparatus with a platform on which liquid media or cultures can be continuously shaken.
Roundup-readyä Describing transgenic crop varieties that carry the bacterial gene which detoxifies the herbicide glyphosate, thereby making them resistant to its…
rRNA See Ribosomal RNA.
RuBP Abbreviation for ribulose biphosphate.
ruminant Animal having a rumen - a large digestive sac in which fibrous plant material is fermented by commensal microbes, prior to its digestion in a "true"…
Runner Typically said "runner-runner" to describe a hand that was made only by catching the correct cards on both the turn and the river.
rust A generic descriptor for various serious fungal plant pathogens, which infect the leaves and stems of crops.
S phase The phase in the cell cycle during which DNA synthesis occurs.
S&E See U.S. Department of Agriculture.
S1 mapping A method to characterise post-transcriptional modifications in RNA (removal of introns etc.
S1 nuclease An enzyme obtained from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae which specifically degrades RNA or single-stranded DNA into its constituent…
saccharifaction Following liquefaction, the hydrolysis of polysaccharides by glucoamylase to maltose and glucose.
saline resistance Synonym for salt tolerance.
Salivary gland (SA-lih-VAYR-ee gland) A gland in the mouth that produces saliva.
Salmonella A genus of rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria that are a common cause of food poisoning.
salt tolerance The ability of a plant in soil or in culture to withstand a concentration of common salt (sodium chloride) which is damaging or lethal to most other…
Sanger sequencing A widely used method of determining the order of bases in DNA. See also: sequencing, shotgun sequencing
SAP Fluid content of the xylem and phloem cells of plants. Fluid content of the vacuole generally referred to as cell sap.
saprophyte An organism (generally a fungus) that depends on dead plant or animal tissue for its source of nutrition and metabolic energy.
satellite A chromosomal segment that branches off from the rest of the chromosome but is still connected by a thin filament or stalk.
satellite DNA Highly repetitive DNA in plant and animal genomes, consisting of millions of copies of sequences typically in the range 5-500 bp long.
satellite RNA A small, self-splicing RNA molecule that accompanies several plant viruses, including tobacco ringspot virus. Synonym: viroid.
Satellite RNA (viroids) A small, self-splicing RNA molecule that accompanies several plant viruses, including tobacco ringspot virus.
SC Abbreviation for synaptonemal complex.
SCA Abbreviation for specific combining ability.
Scaffold The central protein aceous core structure of condensed eukaryotic chromosomes. The scaffold is composed of non-histone chromosomal protein s.
Scale Up Conversion of a process, such as fermentation of a micro-organism, from a small laboratory scale to a larger industrial scale.
scanning electron microscope (Abbreviation: SEM). An electron-beam-based microscope used to examine, in a three dimensional screen image, the surface structure of prepared specimens.
SCAR Abbreviation for sequence characterized amplified region.
scarification The chemical or physical treatment given to certain seed s having hard, impermeable seed coats in order to puncture or weaken the seed coat sufficiently…
SCE Abbreviation for sister chromatid exchange.
Schwann cell A type of glial cell of the peripheral nervous system that helps separate and insulate nerve cells.
scion A twig or bud used for grafting onto another plant or rootstock.
scion-stock interaction The effect of a rootstock on a scion (and vice versa) in which a particular scion grafted onto a specific s performs differently than it would either on…
sclerenchyma A strengthening tissue in plants, composed of cells with heavily lignified cell walls.
SCP Standing Committee on the Law of Patents
Scrapie A spongiform encephalopathy disease of sheep. See: proteinaceous infectious particle.
screen A screen is a set of criteria against which you measure stocks or other investments to find those that meet your criteria.
SDS Abbreviation for sodium dodecyl sulphate.
SDS-PAGE Abbreviation for sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
secondary antibody In an ELISA or other immunological assay system, the antibody designed to bind to the primary antibody, and to which a label is generally attached.
secondary cell wall The innermost layer of cell wall, giving rigidity to the cells. Characterized by its highly organized microfibrillar structure, and only formed in certain…
secondary growth Type of growth characterized by an increase in the thickness of stem and root, and resulting from the formation of secondary s by the vascular cambium.
secondary immune response The rapid immune response that occurs during the second (and subsequent) encounters of the immune system of a mammal with a specific antigen.
secondary messenger A chemical compound within a cell that is responsible for initiating the response to a signal from a chemical messenger (such as a hormone) that cannot…
secondary metabolism The production by living organisms of substances not essential for primary metabolic functions or physiology.
secondary metabolite Product of secondary metabolism.
secondary oocyte See: oocyte.
secondary phloem Phloem tissue formed by the vascular cambium during secondary growth in a vascular plant.
secondary plant product See: secondary metabolite.
secondary root A branch or lateral root.
secondary spermatocyte See: spermatocyte.
secondary structure Localized three dimensional conformations adopted by macromolecules, in particular nucleic acids and polypeptides.
secondary thickening Deposition of secondary cell wall materials which result in an increase in thickness in stems and roots.
secondary vascular tissue Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem ) formed by the vascular cambium during secondary growth in a vascular plant.
secondary xylem See: secondary vascular tissue.
secretion The transport of a molecule from the inside of a cell through the cell membrane.
SEED Botanically, the matured ovule without accessory parts. Colloquially, anything which may be sown; i.e.
seed storage proteins Proteins accumulated in large amounts in protein bodies within seed s. They act as a source of amino acids during germination.
segment-polarity gene A gene that functions to define the anterior and posterior components of body segments in Drosophila.
segregant An individual derived from a cross between two unlike parents.
segregation For genes, the separation of allele pairs from one another and their resulting assortment into different cells at meiosis.
selectable Having a gene product that, when present, enables the identification and preferential propagation of a particular genotype. See: reporter gene.
Selectable marker A gene whose expression allows one to identify cells that have been transforrned or transfected with a vector containing the marker gene.
selection 1. Differential survival and reproduction of phenotypes . 2. A system for either isolating or identifying specific genotypes in a mixed population.
selection coefficient A measure of the intensity of selection at a locus, commonly abbreviated as s. It represents the proportionate reduction in the gametic contribution of a…
selection culture A selection based on difference(s) in environmental conditions or in culture medium composition, such that preferred variant cells or cell lines…
selection differential The difference between the mean of the individuals selected to be parents and the mean of the overall population; it represents the average superiority of…
selection pressure The intensity of selection acting on a population of organisms or on cells in culture.
selection response The difference between the mean of the individuals selected to be parents and the mean of their offspring.