E-Discovery — page 4 of 9

E-Discovery terms

301. ESI Video Systems Covers all systems that capture still images and motion image series for storage.
302. Ethernet A common way of networking PCs to create a LAN.
303. Evidentiary Image or Copy See Forensic Copy.
304. Exabyte A unit of 1000 petabytes. See Byte.
305. export Data extracted or taken out of one environment or application usually in a prescribed format, and usually for import into another environment or…
306. Extended Partitions If a computer hard drive has been divided into more than four partitions, extended partitions are created.
307. Extensible Markup Language (XML) Short for Extensible Markup Language, a specification developed by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortiumthe Web development standards board).
308. extranet An Internet based access method to a corporate intranet site by limited or total access through a security firewall.
309. Extrinsic Data Information about the file, such as file signature, author, size, name, path, and creation and modification dates.
310. False Positive/Negative A result that is not correct. This may be a result of performing a process incorrectly or using a process that is not accurate.
311. Family Range A family range describes the range of documents from the first Bates production number assigned to the first page of the top most parent document through…
312. Family Relationship A family relationship is formed among two or more documents that have a connection or relatedness because of some factor.
313. FAT (File Allocation Table) An internal data table on hard drives that keeps track of where the files are stored.
314. FAX Short for facsimile. A process of transmitting documents by scanning them to digital, converting to analog, transmitting over phone lines and reversing…
315. Fed. R. Civ P Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
316. Fiber Optics Transmitting information by sending light pulses over cables made from thin strands of glass.
317. Field (or Data Field) A name for an individual piece of standardized data, such as the author of a document, a recipient, the date of a document or any other piece of data…
318. Field Separator A code that separates the fields in a record. For example, the CSV format uses a comma as the field separator.
319. file To place a paper in the official custody of the clerk of court/court administrator to enter into the files or records of a case.
320. File Allocation Table Microsoft operating systems store data in fixed length blocks of bytes called clusters, with the size of these blocks depending on the type of storage…
321. File Compression See Compression.
322. File Conversion Changing data or a file from one format to another. For example, Native files may be converted from their original source format (e.g.
323. File Extension A tag of three or four letters, preceded by a period, which identifies a data file's format or the application used to create the file.
324. File Format The organization or characteristics of a file that allow it to be used with certain software programs.
325. File Level Binary Comparison Method of de-duplication using the digital fingerprint (hash) of a file. File Level Binary comparison ignores metadata, and can determine that SHOPPING…
326. File Server When several or many computers are networked together in a LAN situation, one computer may be utilized as a storage location for files for the group.
327. File Sharing The ability for computer systems networked together to share files that are stored on the file server.
328. File Signature Within the file, the file signature is the information about the true program-related origin of the file and, therefore, its type.
329. File Slack The unused space on a cluster that exists when the logical file space is less than the physical file space.
330. File Slack Space File slack potentially contains randomly selected bytes of data from computer memory because DOS/Windows normally writes in 512 byte blocks called sectors.
331. File System The engine that an operating system or program uses to organize and kept track of files.
332. File System Metadata Data that can be obtained or extracted about a file from the file system storing the file.
333. file transfer Moving named files from one computer or network to another
334. Filename The name of a file, excluding root drive and directory path information. Different operating systems may impose different restrictions on filenames, for…
335. Filtering Electronic filtering of emails and files for privilege or by keyword, file, type, or name.
336. FIPS Federal Information Processing Standards issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology after approval by the Secretary of Commerce pursuant…
337. Firewall A set of related programs that protect the resources of a private network from users from other networks.
338. Flatbed Scanner A flat-surface scanner that allows users to input books and other documents.
339. Floppy A thin magnetic film disk that is used as an older method for storing data.
340. Floppy Disc An increasingly rare storage medium consisting of a thin magnetic film disk housed in a protective sleeve.
341. folder See Directory.
342. Forensic Computer Expert A litigation expert and consultant in the field of computer forensics. The steps taken by a forensics expert can include: 1) protecting a subject computer…
343. Forensic Copy A precise bit-by-bit copy of a computer system's hard drive, including slack and unallocated space.
344. Forensically Sound Procedures Procedures used for acquiring electronic information in a manner that ensures it is 'as originally discovered' and is reliable enough to be admitted into…
345. Forensics Computer forensics is the scientific examination and analysis of data held on, or retrieved from, computer storage media in such a way that the…
346. Form of Production The manner in which requested documents are produced. Used to refer both to file format (native vs.
347. Format The internal structure of a file, which defines the way it is stored and used. Specific applications may define unique formats for their data (i.e.
348. Format (verb) Makes a drive ready for first use. Erroneously thought to wipe drive. Typically, only overwrites FAT, but not files on the drive.
349. Forms Processing A specialized imaging application designed for handling pre-printed forms. Forms processing systems often use high-end (or multiple) OCR engines and…
350. Fragmented In the course of normal computer operations when files are saved, deleted or moved, the files or parts thereof may be broken into pieces, or fragmented…
351. Fragmented Data Live data that has been disseminated and stored in multiple areas on a single hard drive or disk.
352. FRCP Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
353. FRCP or Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rules that govern civil actions brought in U.S. Federal district courts. Many states enact similar rules.
354. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) An Internet protocol that enables the transfer of files between computers over a network or the Internet.
355. Full Duplex Data communications devices which allow full speed transmission in both directions at the same time.
356. Full Path A path name description that includes the drive, starting or root directory, all attached subdirectories and ending with the file or object name.
357. Full-Text Indexing and Search Every word in the document is indexed into a master word list with pointers to the documents and pages where each occurrence of the word appears.
358. full-text search The ability to search a data file for specific words, numbers and/or combinations or patterns thereof.
359. Fuzzy Search Subjective content searching (as compared to word searching of objective data).
360. GAL A Microsoft Outlook global address list - directory of all Microsoft Exchange users and distribution lists to whom messages can be addressed.
361. Ghost See Bit Stream Back-up.
362. GIF (Graphic interchange format) A computer compression format for pictures.
363. Gigabyte (GB) A gigabyte is a measure of computer data storage capacity and is a billion (1,000,000,000) bytes.
364. GMT Timestamp Identification of a file using Greenwich Mean Time as the central time authentication method.
365. GPS Generated Timestamp Timestamp identifying time as a function of its relationship to Greenwich Mean Time.
366. Gray Scale The use of many shades of gray to represent an image. Continuous-tone images, such as black-and-white photographs, use an almost unlimited number of…
367. Grayscale An image type that uses black, white, and shades of gray to represent an image.
368. groupware Software designed to operate on a network and allow several people to work together on the same documents and files.
369. GUI (Graphical User Interface) A set of screen presentations and metaphors that utilize graphic elements such as icons in an attempt to make an operating system easier to use.
370. Hacker Someone who breaks into computer systems in order to steal, change or destroy information.
371. Half Duplex Transmission systems which can send and receive, but not at the same time.
372. Halftone See Dithering.
373. Hard Disc Drive The primary storage unit on PCs, consisting of one or more magnetic media platters on which digital data can be written and erased magnetically.
374. Hard disk A magnetic disk on which data can be stored.
375. Hard Drive The primary storage unit on PCs, consisting of one or more magnetic media platters on which digital data can be written and erased magnetically.
376. Hard Drives The primary computer storage medium in desktop and laptop computers.
377. Harvesting The process of retrieving or collecting electronic data from storage media or devices; an EDiscovery vendor harvests electronic data from computer hard…
378. Hash A mathematical algorithm that represents a unique value for a given set of data, similar to a digital fingerprint.
379. Hash Coding To create a digital fingerprint that represents the binary content of a file unique to every electronically-generated document; assists in subsequently…
380. Hash Function A function used to create a hash value from binary input. The hash is substantially smaller than the text itself, and is generated by the hash function in…
381. HD (High Density) A 5.25 HD Floppy Disc holds 1.2 MB and a 3.5 holds 1.4 MB.
382. Head The upper horizontal part of a window frame or window opening.
383. hexadecimal A number system with a base of 16. The digits are 0-9 and A-F, where F equals the decimal value of 15.
384. Hidden Files or Data Files or data not visible in the file directory; cannot be accessed by unauthorized or unsophisticated users.
385. Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM) Software that automatically migrates files from on-line to near-line storage media, usually on the basis of the age or frequency of use of the files.
386. Hold Used to indicate that a certain amount of a customer's balance may not be withdrawn until an item has been collected, or until a specific check or debit…
387. Holorith encoded data on aperture cards or old-style punch cards that contained encoded data.
388. Horizontal De-duplication A way to identify documents that are duplicated across multiple custodians or other production data sets. See De-Duplication.
389. host In a network, the central computer which controls the remote computers and holds the central databases.
390. HP-PCL & HPGL Hewlett-Packard graphics file formats.
391. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) The tag-based ASCII language used to create pages on the Web.
392. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) The underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers…
393. Hub A network device that connects multiple computers/peripherals together and allows them to share data.
394. hyperlink A link - usually appearing as a highlighted word or picture within a hypertext document - that when clicked changes the active view, possibly to another…
395. HyperText Text that includes links or shortcuts to other documents or views, allowing the reader to easily jump from one view to a related view in a non-linear…
396. icon In a GUI, a picture or drawing which is activated by clicking a mouse to command the computer program to perform a predefined series of events.
397. iConect or iConectnxt A LAN-based litigation document management software program, with features including search, case organization, and document review.
398. ICR (Intelligent Character Recognition) The conversion of scanned images (bar codes or patterns of bits) to computer recognizable codes (ASCII characters and files) by means of software/programs…
399. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) An engineering standard for interfacing PCs and hard discs.
400. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) An international association which sponsors meetings, publishes a number of journals and establishes standards.