ExpertGlossary terms starting with G

1,349 terms

Genetic mosaic An organism in which different cells contain different genetic sequence. This can be the result of a mutation during development or fusion of embryos at…
genetic pollution Uncontrolled spread of genetic information (frequently referring to transgenes ) into the genomes of organisms in which such genes are not present in…
Genetic polymorphism See: polymorphism.
Genetic predisposition An inherited increase in the risk of developing a disease. Also called genetic susceptibility.
genetic profile (jeh-NEH-tik PROH-file) Information about specific genes, including variations and gene expression, in an individual or in a certain type of tissue.
genetic relatedness A quantitative estimate of the proportion of genes, ®, shared between the genomes of any two individuals, groups or populations, e.g. r = 0.
genetic resources genetic material of actual or potential value.
Genetic screening Testing a population group to identify a subset of individuals at high risk for having or transmitting a specific genetic disorder. See also
genetic selection The process of selecting genes, cells, clones, etc., within populations or between populations or species.
genetic susceptibility An inherited increase in the risk of developing a disease. Also called genetic predisposition .
Genetic testing Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder.
genetic transformation See: transformation.
genetic use restriction technology (Abbreviation: GURT). A proposed technology applying transgenesis to genetically compromise the fertility or the performance of saved seed of a cultivar…
genetic variation Differences between individuals attributable to differences in genotype.
genetically engineered organism (Abbreviation: GEO). Occasional alteRNA tive term for genetically modified organism.
genetically modified organism (Abbreviation: GMO). An organism that has been transformed by the insertion of one or more transgenes.
Genetically modified organism (GMO ): Often, the label GMO and the term "transgenic" are used to refer to organisms that have acquired novel genes from other organisms by laboratory "gene…
Genetics (jeh-NEH-tix) The study of genes and heredity. Heredity is the passing of genetic information and traits (such as eye color and an increased chance of…
genistein An isoflavone found in soy products. Soy isoflavones are being studied to see if they help prevent cancer.
genital (JEH-nih-tul) Refers to the genitalia (external and internal sex organs and glands).
Genital Ridge Formation of a genital ridge requires at least two genes, WT-1, which is also important in early kidney formation, and SF-1, required for the development…
genital wart A raised growth on the surface of the genitals caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
genitourinary system (je-nuh-toh-YUR-uh-ner-ee SIS-tem) The parts of the body that play a role in reproduction, getting rid of waste products in the form of urine, or both.
genlock The synchronization of two television signals at the vertical, horizontal, and chroma phase levels such that the signals may be cut, mixed, or cross-faded…
Genome The complete genetic material of an organism.
Genome project Research and technology-development effort aimed at mapping and sequencing the genome of human beings and certain model organisms.
Genomic imprinting A biochemical phenomenon that determines, for certain specific genes, which one of the pair of identical genes, the mother's or the father's, will be…
Genomic library A library composed of fragments of genomic DNA. (See Library.)
genomic profile (jeh-NOH-mik PROH-file) Information about all the genes in an organism, including variations, gene expression, and the way those genes interact with each…
Genomic sequence See: DNA
Genomics (jeh-NOH-miks) The study of the complete genetic material, including genes and their functions, of an organism.
Genotype The structure of DNA that determines the expression of a trait. See Phenotype.
Genus A category including closely related species. Interbreeding between organisms within the same category can occur.
GEO Genetically engineered organism.
Geo enabled search The ability to sort, filter and/or rank documents based on their geographical distance from a given source position, typically the position of the…
Geo-Dispersed Cluster A geoÃ¢ÂÂdispersed, or multi-site, cluster is a cluster configuration used to help ensure high system and application availability in the event of…
Geo-stationary Orbit (GSO) An orbit 35,784 km above the equator. A satellite placed in such an orbit revolves around the earth once per day, maintaining the same position relative…
Geo-Targeting Advertising that is distributed based on geographic location. Online advertising allows for targeting of countries, states, cities and suburbs (in some…
Geo/Location In relation to relevancy, the importance of location in relation to the query term.
Geocentric A model of the universe, believed by Aristotle, and Ptolemy which puts the earth at the center.
geocode Geocode refers to the combination of applicable codes for the metropolitan area, state, county and census tract.
Geocoding Assigning locational values (for example: latitude and longitude coordinates) to attribute data, such as an event or an address, that results in a feature…
GEODSS Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance System.
Geoglyphs Ground markings of a figure or shape produced by the clearing or alignment of stones.
Geographic air basin : A land area with generally similar meteorological and geographic conditions throughout.
geographic data The locations and descriptions of geographic features. The composite of spatial data and descriptive data.
geographic data set One of seven geographic data types supported by ARC/INFO. Geographic data sets in ARC/INFO include coverages, grids, DBMS tables, tins, images, lattices…
geographic database A collection of spatial data and related descriptive data organized for efficient storage and retrieval by many users.
geographic feature A user-defined geographic phenomenon that can be modeled or represented using geographic data sets in ARC/INFO.
geographic filing system classification of records by geographic location usually arranged by numeric code or in alphabetic order
Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis (GIRAS) Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis data files from the U.S. Geological Survey.
Geographic Information System (GIS) A set of computer tools and procedures used to collect, manage, analyze and display information associated with a specific location; a computerized…
Geographical Resource Analysis Support System (GRASS) A public-domain raster GIS modeling product of the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers' Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL).
Geohydrology Geological study of the character, source, and mode of ground water.
Geology The science that deals with the study of the materials, processes, environments, and history of the Earth, including the rocks and their formation and…
Geomagnetic Elements In solar-terrestrial terms, the components of the geomagnetic field at the surface of the earth.
Geomagnetic Field The magnetic field observed in and around the earth. The intensity of the magnetic field at the earth's surface is approximately 0.
Geomagnetic Storm In solar-terrestraial terms, a worldwide disturbance of the earth's magnetic field, distinct from regular diurnal variations.
geometric optics The branch of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. Note 1: Rays are bent at the interface between two dissimilar media, and may be…
Geometric spreading As the sound moves away from the source, the area that the sound energy covers becomes larger and thus sound intensity decreases.
Geometries Models of the curvature of the universe in which the laws of geometry are like those that would apply on flat, spherical, or saddle-shaped surfaces.
geometry Geometry deals with the measures and properties of points, lines and surfaces. In ARC/INFO, geometry is used to represent the spatial component of…
Geomorphic Pertaining to those processes that affect the form or shape of the surface of the earth.
Geomorphology Geological study of the configuration, characteristics, origin, and evolution of land forms and earth features.
Geophysical Events In solar-terrestrial terms, flares (Importance two or larger) with Centimetric Outbursts (maximum of the flux higher than the Quiet Sun flux, duration…
geophysical focus areas Six identified focus areas for ARM's data collection and research activities. These focus areas are shortwave radiation, longwave radiation, clouds…
Geophysics Refers to the physics of the earth, e.g., seismology, oceanography, volcanology, geomagnetism, etc.
Geopotential Height The height above sea level of a pressure level. For example, if a station reports that the 500 mb height at its location is 5600 m, it means that the…
Geopressurized Brines These brines are hot (300 F to 400 F) (149 C to 204 C) pressurized waters that contain dissolved methane and lie at depths of 10,000 ft (3048 m) to more…
georeference To establish the relationship between page coordinates on a planar map and known real-world coordinates.
Georeferenced Statistics Statistics reported by geographic location of the events (e.g., residence of the cancer case)
georelational model A geographic data model that represents geographic features as an interrelated set of spatial and descriptive data.
George A good tipper.
Georgia Healthcare-Acquired Infections Advisory Committee (GHAIAC) The Georgia advisory committee charged with making recommendations to the Georgia Department of Public Health (DPH) on the prevention of healthcare…
Geosphere The soils, sediments, and rock layers of the Earth's crust, both continental and beneath the ocean floors.
geostationary orbit A circular orbit in the equatorial plane, any point on which revolves about the Earth in the same direction and with the same period as the Earth's…
Geostationary Orbit (GSO) An orbit 35,784 km above the equator. A satellite placed in such an orbit revolves around the earth once per day, maintaining the same position relative…
Geostationary Orbiting Environmental Satellite (GOES) Satellite orbiting at 22,000 miles above the earth's surface that remains above the same location on the earth.
Geostationary Satellite A satellite that rotates at the same rate as the earth, remaining over the same spot above the equator.
geostationary satellite orbit The orbit in which a satellite must be placed to be a geostationary satellite. [NTIA] [RR]
geostraphic wind A theoretical horizontal wind blowing in a straight path, parallel to the isobars or contours, at a constant speed.
Geostrophic Wind A wind that is affected by coriolis force, blows parallel to isobars and whose strength is related to the pressure gradient (i.e., spacing of the isobars).
Geosynchronous Refers to an orbit (about 22,300 miles above Earth’s surface) with a period equal to one day.
geosynchronous orbit Any orbit about the Earth, which orbit has a period equal to the period of rotation of the Earth about its axis, and in the same sense, i.e.
Geotechnical Refers to the use of scientific methods and engineering principles to acquire, interpret, and apply knowledge of earth materials for solving engineering…
Geotextile mats Permeable fabrics that interact with soils in manners used to reinforce soil surfaces for erosion, as well as act as filters for water, solutes, and fine…
Geotextiles Any fabric or textile (natural or synthetic) used as an engineering material in conjunction with soil, foundations, or rock.
Geothermal energy Energy produced by the internal heat of the earth; geothermal heat sources include: hydrothermal convective systems; pressurized water reservoirs; hot dry…
Geothermal generating plant A plant in which the prime mover is a steam turbine. The turbine is driven either by steam produced from hot water or by natural steam that derives its…
Geothermal Heat Pump A type of heat pump that uses the ground, ground water, or ponds as a heat source and heat sink, rather than outside air.
Geothermal Power Station An electricity generating facility that uses geothermal energy.
Geothermal resources Typically underground reservoirs of hot water or steam created by heat from the Earth, but also include subsurface areas of dry hot rock.
GeoTIFF A binary digital image format commonly used by GIS software that is characterized by reference information embedded in the file header as opposed to an…
Geotourism (1998) Tourism that sustains or enhances the geographic character of the place being visited--its environment, culture, aesthetics, heritage, and the well-being…
geotropism A growth curvature induced by gravity. Synonym: gravitropism.
GEP OBSOLETE. Ground Entry Point. IFICS.
geranium (juh-RAY-nee-um) A type of plant that is native to southern Africa and has white, pink, purple, or red flowers and 3- to 5-lobed leaves.
germ 1.The botanical term for a plant embryo. 2. Colloquial: a disease-causing micro-organism.
Germ cell Reproductive cell. See Somatic cell.
Germ cell (germ line) gene therapy The repair or re- placement of a defective gene within the gamete-forming tissues, which produces a heritable change in an organism's genetic constitution.