Functional genomicsThe field of research, that aims to determine patterns of gene expression and interaction in the genome, based on the knowledge of extensive or complete…
Fundamental InteractionsIn the Standard Model the fundamental interactions are the strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational interactions (forces).
Fundamental ParticlesA particle with no internal substructure. In the Standard Model the quarks, leptons, photons, gluons, W+ and W- bosons, and the Z bosons are fundamental.
FungiPlant-like organisms with cells with distinct nuclei surrounded by nuclear membranes, incapable of photosynthesis.
FungicideAn agent, such as a chemical, that kills fungi.
fungusA plant-like organism that does not make chlorophyll. Mushrooms, yeasts, and molds are examples. The plural is fungi.
Funnel CloudA condensation funnel extending from the base of a towering cumulus or Cb, associated with a rotating column of air that is not in contact with the ground…
FunnellingThe process whereby wind is forced to flow through a narrow opening between adjacent land areas, resulting in increased wind speed.
FurbearerAn animal that is hunted or farmed for its fur.
furfuralAn aldehyde derivative of certain biomass conversion processes; used as a solvent.
FurlingThe process of forcing, either manually or automatically, a wind turbine's blades out of the direction of the wind in order to stop the blades from…
FurnaceAn enclosed chamber or container used to burn biomass in a controlled manner to produce heat for space or process heating.
Furnace (Residential)A combustion heating appliance in which heat is captured from the burning of a fuel for distribution, comprised mainly of a combustion chamber and heat…
FurrowA natural or man-made narrow depression in the earth's surface. A narrow trenchlike plowed depression in the earth surface to keep surface water away from…
Fusarium spp.A group of fungal pathogens of many economic crop species, particularly cereals, where severe infestation leads to losses in both grain yield and quality.
FuseA safety device consisting of a short length of relatively fine wire, mounted in a holder or contained in a cartridge and connected as part of an…
Fuse plug spillwayA form of auxiliary spillway consisting of a low embankment designed to be overtopped and washed away during an exceptionally large flood.
FusionThe combining of lighter elements into heavier ones. For lighter elements (e.g., hydrogen, helium) this process releases energy.
fusion biopharmaceuticalsFusion proteins with pharmaceutical properties. Their advantages are: 1. Synergistic activities in one molecule, i.e.
fusion gene(FYOO-zhun JEEN) A gene made by joining parts of two different genes. Fusion genes may occur naturally in the body by transfer of DNA between chromosomes.
fusion protein(FYOO-zhun PROH-teen) A protein made from a fusion gene, which is created by joining parts of two different genes.
fusion toxinA fusion protein that consists of a toxic protein domain plus a cell receptor binding domain.
fusogenic agentAny chemical or virus, etc., that causes cells to fuse together.
Future withoutWhat would occur if no action were taken. The future without taking any action to solve the problem. See baseline condition.
Futures marketA market in which contracts for future delivery of a commodity or a security are bought and sold.
GabionWire basket, filled with stones, used to stabilize banks of a water course and to enhance habitat.
Gabion damSpecial name given to a crib dam when built with gabions. See dam.
Gage(1) A device for indicating the magnitude or position of a thing in specific units, when such magnitude or position undergoes change, for example: The…
Gage DatumThe arbitrary zero datum elevation which all stage measurements are made from.
Gage HeightThe water-surface elevation referred to some arbitrary gage datum. Gage height is often used interchangeably with the more general term stage, although…
Gage height (G.H.)The water surface elevation referred to some arbitrary gage datum. Gage height is often used interchangeably with the more general term "stage," although…
Gage ZeroThe elevation of zero stage. (Same as gage datum.)
Gaging StationA particular site on a stream, canal, lake, or reservoir where systematic observations of hydrologic data are obtained.
Gaining streamStream or reach that receives water from the zone of saturation.
galactanThe polymer of galactose with a repeating unit of C6H10O5. Found in hemicellulose it can be hydrolyzed to galactose.
galactomannanA gum in which the structural chain is made up of D-mannose units with 1?4 linkages. The ratio of galactose to mannose is 1:2.
galactoseA six-carbon sugar with the formula C6H1206. A product of hydrolysis of galactan found in the hemicellulose fraction of biomass.
GalaxyA cluster of stars held together by their own gravity, and apparently dark matter as well.
GaleAn extratropical low or an area of sustained surface winds of 34 (39 mph) to 47 knots (54 mph).
Gale WarningA warning of sustained surface winds, or frequent gusts, in the range of 34 knots (39 mph) to 47 knots (54 mph) inclusive, either predicted or occurring…
gametic (phase) disequilibriumIn relation to any two loci, the occurrence of haplotypes (gametes) at a frequency other than that predicted from the product of the respective allele…
gametic (phase) equilibriumIn relation to any two loci, the occurrence of haplotypes (gametes) at a frequency equal to the product of the frequency of the two relevant alleles .
gametocloneA plant regenerated from a tissue culture originating from gametic tissue.
gametogenesisThe process of the formation of gametes.
gametophyteThe phase of the plant life cycle that carries the gamete producing organs. In flowering plants, the pollen grain is the male gametophyte and the embryo…
gametophytic incompatibilityA phenomenon in plants, in which a pollen grain is genetically incapable of fertilizing a particular egg, because both gametes carry the identical allele…
GammaA unit of magnetic field intensity equal to 1 x 10.0-5 Gauss; also equal to 1 nanotelsa (nT).
gamma radiationElectromagnetic radiation emitted by radioactive decay and having energies in a range from ten thousand (104) to ten million (107) electron volts.
Gamma RayA type of high-energy radiation that is different from an x-ray.
Gamma RaysCreated by nuclear reactions, this is the most energetic electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun.
Gamma-interferonA type of small protein with antiviral activity, made by T lymphocytes.
GantryAn overhead structure that supports machines or operating parts, such as a gantry crane.
Gantry craneA fixed or traveling, bent-supported crane for handling heavy equipment.
gapA missing section on one of the strands of double-stranded DNA. The DNA will therefore have a single-stranded region.
Gap junctionsCommunicating cell-cell junctions that allow ions and small molecules to pass from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another cell.
Gap WindsStrong winds channeled through gaps in the Pacific coastal ranges, blowing out into the Pacific Ocean or into the waterways of the Inside Passage.
gapped DNAA double-stranded DNA molecule with one or more internal single-stranded regions.
Gas engineA piston engine that uses gaseous fuel rather than gasoline. Fuel and air are mixed before they enter cylinders; ignition occurs with a spark.
Gas LawsThe thermodynamic laws pertaining to perfect gases, including Boyle's law, Charles' law, Dalton's law and the equation of state.
Gas shift processA process in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen react in the presence of a catalyst to form methane and water.
gas transferThe rate at which gases are transferred from gas into solution, an important parameter in fermentation systems because it controls the rate at which the…
Gas turbineA type of turbine in which combusted, pressurized gas is directed against a series of blades connected to a shaft, which forces the shaft to turn to…
Gaseous supersaturationCondition of higher levels of dissolved gases in water due to entrainment, pressure increases, or heating.
GasificationThe process in which a solid fuel is converted into a gas; also known as pyrolitic distillation or pyrolysis.
GasifierA device for converting a solid fuel to a gaseous fuel.
Gasket/SealA seal used to prevent the leakage of fluids, and also maintain the pressure in an enclosure.
GasoholA registered trademark of an agency of the state of Nebraska, for an automotive fuel containing a blend of 10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline.
GasolineA refined petroleum product suitable for use as a fuel in internal combustion engines.
gastropoda member of the class of mollusks that includes snails.
GastrulaAn early animal embryo consisting of two layers of cells; an embryological stage following the blastula.
GastrulationThe process whereby the cells of the blastocyst are translocated to establish three germ layers.
GateA device that controls the flow in a conduit, pipe, or tunnel without obstructing any portion of the waterway when in the fully open position.
Gate chamber (valve chamber)A chamber in which a guard gate in a pressurized outlet works or both the guard and regulating gates in a free-flow outlet works are located.
Gate hangerA device used to maintain a set gate opening.
Gate structurePortion of spillway between inlet channel and chute, tunnel or conduit, which contains gates, such as radial gates.
Gate valveA valve with a circular-shaped closing element that fits securely over an opening through which water flows.
Gated pipePortable pipe with small gates installed along one side for distributing irrigation water to corrugations or furrows.
Gated spillwayOverflow section of dam restricted by use of gates that can be operated to control releases from the reservoir to ensure the safety of the dam.
GaugeAn instrument, usually mounted on the dashboard, used to monitor engine conditions such as fuel pressure, oil pressure and temperature, water pressure and…
Gauge (gage)Device for registering water level, discharge, velocity, pressure, etc. Thickness of wire or sheet metal.
Gauge heightElevation of water surface measured by a gauge. See gage height.