Food Biotechnology terms starting with C

340 terms

  1. cryoprotectant Compound preventing cell damage during successive freezing and thawing processes. Cryoprotectants are agents with high water solubility and low toxicity.
  2. cryptic Anything hidden. 1. Structurally heterozygous individuals that are not identifiable as they do not show abnormal meiotic chromosome pairing configurations…
  3. CTP Abbreviation for 1. cytidine 5'-triphosphate, which is required for RNA synthesis since it is a direct precursor molecule; 2. Chloroplast transit peptide.
  4. cultigen A cultivated plant species with no known wild progenitor.
  5. Cultivar (Abbreviation: cv). An inteRNA tionally accepted term denoting a variety of a cultivated plant.
  6. Culture (KUL-chur) The beliefs, values, and behaviors that are shared within a group, such as a religious group or a nation.
  7. culture alteration A term used to indicate a persistent change in the properties of a culture's behaviour (e.g.
  8. Culture medium Any nutrient system for the cultivation of cells, bacteria or other organisms; usually a complex mixture of organic and inorganic nutrients.
  9. culture room A dedicated room for maintaining cultures, often in a controlled environment.
  10. curing The elimination of a plasmid from its host cell. Many agents which interfere with DNA replication, e.g.
  11. Cut To divide a deck into two parts.
  12. cuticle Layer of cutin or wax, formed on the outer surface of leaves and fruits, thought to have evolved to reduce evaporative water loss.
  13. Cutting A detached plant part that, with appropriate treatment, can regenerate into a complete plant.
  14. cybrid A hybrid, originating from the fusion of a cytoplast (the cytoplasm without nucleus) with a whole cell derived from a different species.
  15. cyclic adenosine monophosphate (Abbreviations: cyclic AMP, cAMP). A "messenger" molecule that regulates many intracellular reactions by transducing signals from extracellular growth…
  16. cyclic AMP Abbreviation for cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
  17. Cyclic AMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) A second messenger that regulates many intracellular reactions by transducing signals from extracellular growth factors to cellular metabolic pathways.
  18. cyclodextrin Cyclic oligomer of glucose.
  19. cycloheximide A molecule that inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotes, but not in prokaryotes.
  20. cytidine The (ribo)nucleoside resulting from the combination of the base cytosine (C) and the sugar D-ribose.
  21. cytidine triphosphate (cytidine 5'-triphosphate) See: CTP (1).
  22. cytidylic acid Synonym for cytidine monophosphate (abbreviation: CMP), a (ribo)nucleotide containing the nucleoside cytidine.
  23. cytochrome A class of pigments in plant and animal cells, usually in the mitochondria. They function as electron carriers in respiration.
  24. cytochrome p450 A highly diversified set (more than 1500 known sequences) of heme-containing protein s.
  25. Cytogenetics (SY-toh-jeh-NEH-tix) The study of chromosomes and chromosomal abnormalities.
  26. cytokine (SY-toh-kine) A substance that is made by cells of the immune system. Some cytokines can boost the immune response and others can suppress it.
  27. cytokinesis Cytoplasmic division and other changes exclusive of nuclear division that are a part of mitosis or meiosis.
  28. cytokinin Plant growth regulators characterized as substances that induce cell division and cell differentiation.
  29. cytology (sy-TAH-loh-jee) The study of cells using a microscope.
  30. cytolysis Cell disintegration.
  31. Cytoplasm (SY-toh-PLA-zum) The fluid inside a cell but outside the cell's nucleus. Most chemical reactions in a cell take place in the cytoplasm.
  32. cytoplasmic genes Genes located on DNA outside the nucleus, i.e. on plastids.
  33. cytoplasmic inheritance Hereditary transmission dependent on cytoplasmic genes.
  34. cytoplasmic male sterility Genetic defect due to faulty functioning of mitochondria in pollen development, preventing the formation of viable pollen.
  35. cytoplasmic organelles Discrete sub-cellular structures located in the cytoplasm of cells - mitochondria, plastids and lysosomes.
  36. cytosine (Abbreviation: C). One the bases found in DNA and RNA. See: cytidine.
  37. cytosol The fluid portion of the cytoplasm, i.e. the cytoplasm minus its organelles.
  38. cytotoxic T cell (SY-toh-TOK-sik ... sel) A type of white blood cell that can directly destroy specific cells.
  39. cytotoxicity Poisoning of the cell.
  40. cytotype A maternally inherited cellular condition in Drosophila that regulates the activity of transposable P elements.