Food Biotechnology terms starting with H

140 terms

101. hormone (HOR-mone) One of many chemicals made by glands in the body. Hormones circulate in the bloodstream and control the actions of certain cells or organs.
102. host In a network, the central computer which controls the remote computers and holds the central databases.
103. host-specific toxin A metabolite, produced by a pathogen, and which is responsible for the adverse effects of the pathogen.
104. hot spot See: recombinational hot spot.
105. HSA See: serum albumin.
106. HSP One of a group of proteins that help protect cells from stresses such as heat, cold, and low amounts of oxygen or glucose (sugar).
107. human artificial chromosome (Abbreviation: HAC). Analogous to yeast artificial chromosome, a construct comprising a human centromere and telomeres, which would allow for the cloning…
108. human growth hormone (Abbreviation: hGH). See: growth hormone.
109. Human growth hormone (HGH, somatotrophin) A protein produced in the pituitary gland that stimulates the liver to produce somatomedins, which stimulate growth of bone and muscle.
110. human-leukocyte-antigen system (Abbreviation: HLA). See: major histocompatibility antigens.
111. humoral immune response See: antibody-mediated immune response.
112. Hup+ Abbreviation for hydrogen-uptake positive.
113. Hybrid A class that is a mixture or combination of 2 or more classes. For example, a Druid can be viewed as a Warrior/Rogue/Priest hybrid.
114. hybrid arrested translation A method used to identify what protein (s) are encoded by a particular cloned DNA sequence.
115. hybrid cell See: synkaryon.
116. hybrid dysgenesis Infertility and an increased incidence of chromosome mutations thought to be caused by the activation of transposons.
117. hybrid released translation A method used to identify the gene product of a cloned gene. The cloned DNA is immobilized and hybridized with a mixed mRNA sample, so that only mRNA…
118. hybrid seed 1. Seed produced by crossing genetically dissimilar parents. 2. In plant breeding, used colloquially for seed produced by specific crosses of selected…
119. hybrid selection The process of choosing individuals possessing desired characteristics from among a hybrid population.
120. hybrid vigour The extent to which a hybrid individual outperforms both its parents with respect to one or many traits.
121. Hybridization The hydrogen bonding of complementary DNA and/or RNA sequences to form a duplex molecule. (See Northern hybridization, Southern hybridization.)
122. Hybridoma A hybrid cell, composed of a B Iymphocyte fused to a tumor cell, which grows indefinitely in tissue culture and is selected for the secretion of a…
123. Hydrogen bond A relatively weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom (which is covalently bound to a nitrogen or oxygen atom) and a nitrogen or oxygen with an unshared…
124. hydrogen-uptake positive (Abbreviation: Hup+). A term describing a micro-organism that is capable of assimilating (or taking up) hydrogen gas.
125. Hydrolysis A chemical reaction that uses water to break down a compound.
126. hydrophobic interaction An interaction between a hydrophobic ('water-hating') part of a molecule and an aqueous environment.
127. hydroponics The growing of plants without soil. Plants are fed with an aerated solution of nutrients, and the roots are either supported within an inert matrix, or…
128. hygromycin An antibiotic used as selective agent in bacterial and transgenic plant cell cultures.
129. hyperploid The situation in which a particular chromosome or chromosome segment is present in more than the normal number. Opposite: hypoploid.
130. hypersensitive response 1. A specific reaction of a plant to attack by a pathogen. The plant cells surrounding the point of infection rapidly die and dry out, so that pathogen…
131. hypersensitive site Regions in the DNA that are highly susceptible to digestion with restriction endonucleases.
132. hypertonic A solution with an osmotic potential greater than that of living cells. Treatment with such solutions leads to the plasmolysis of cells.
133. hypervariable region The parts of both the heavy and light chains of an antibody molecule that enable it to bind to a specific site on an antigen.
134. hypervariable segment A region of a protein that varies considerably between strains or individuals.
135. hypocotyl The portion of an embryo or seedling below the cotyledons . A transitional area between stem and root.
136. hypomorph A mutation that reduces, but does not completely abolish gene expression.
137. hypoplastic Defective and reduced growth or development (e.g. dwarfing and stunting in plants) resulting from an abnormal condition, for example disease or…
138. hypoploid The situation in which a particular chromosome or chromosome segment is present in less than the normal number. Opposite: hyperploid.
139. hypothalamic peptides Peptides generated in the vertebrate forebrain and concerned with regulating the body's physiological state.
140. hypotonic Osmotic potential less than that of living cells. Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will absorb water and display swelling and turgidity.