Food Biotechnology — page 22 of 34

3,375 terms

Food Biotechnology terms

  1. NO Abbreviation for nucleolar organizer.
  2. nod box A DNA sequence that controls the transcriptional regulation of Rhizobium nodulation genes.
  3. nodal culture The culture of a lateral bud and a section of adjacent stem tissue.
  4. node Any device connected to network. PCs, servers, and printers are all nodes on the network.
  5. nodular Term commonly used to describe the pebbly (rough) texture of a callus.
  6. nodulation The formation of nodules on the roots of legumes following colonization by symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
  7. nodule (NOD-yool) A growth or lump that may be cancerous or noncancerous.
  8. non repetitive DNA/RNA A nucleotide sequence which does not include a significant proportion of repetitive sequences of nucleotide s.
  9. non-additive genetic variation The proportion of the total genetic variation in a population that does not respond to simple mass selection and that causes specific pairwise crosses to…
  10. non-autonomous A term referring to biological units that cannot function by themselves; such units require the assistance of another unit, or "helper".
  11. non-coding strand See: antisense DNA.
  12. non-disjunction Failure of separation of homologous chromosomes or chromatids in mitosis or meiosis, resulting in too many chromosomes in some daughter cells and too few…
  13. non-histone chromosomal protein In chromosomes, all of the proteins except the histones.
  14. non-target organism An organism which is affected by a treatment (e.g. pesticide application) for which it was not the intended recipient.
  15. non-template strand The non-transcribed strand of DNA. Synonyms: sense strand, coding strand
  16. non-virulent agent See: attenuated vaccine.
  17. nonsense mutation A mutation which converts an amino-acid-specifying codon into a stop codon, e.g.
  18. Nontarget organism An organism which is affected by an interaction for which it was not the intended recipient.
  19. NOR Abbreviation for nucleolar organizer region.
  20. Northern blot A technique analogous to Southern blotting, but involving the transfer of RNA from an to a membrane, prior to probing.
  21. Northern blotting See Northern hybridization.
  22. Northern hybridization (Northern blotting). A procedure in which RNA fragments are transferred from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter, where the RNA is then hybridized…
  23. npt-II Abbreviation for neomycin phosphotransferase II.
  24. NSF Lotus Notes Format Database File (i.e. database.nsf) Can be either an email database or the traditional type of fielded database.
  25. nucellar embryo An embryo which has developed vegetatively from somatic tissue surrounding the embryo sac, rather than by fertilization of the egg cell.
  26. nucellus Tissue forming the major part of the young ovule in which the embryo sac develops; Also known as megasporangium.
  27. Nuclear reprogramming Restoration of the correct embryonic pattern of gene expression in a nucleus derived from a somatic cell and introduced into an oocyte.
  28. Nuclear transfer A technology by which novel animals are generated by cloning a single diploid somatic cell.
  29. Nuclear transfer (NT) The generation of a new animal nearly identical to another one by injection of the nucleus from a cell of the donor animal into an enucleated oocyte of…
  30. Nuclease A class of enzymes that degrades DNA and/or RNA molecules by cleaving the phosphodiester bonds that link adjacent nucleotides.
  31. Nucleic acid A macromolecule consisting of polymerized nucleotides . Two forms are found, DNA and RNA.
  32. nucleic acid probe See: DNA probe.
  33. Nucleic acids The two nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are made up of long chains of molecules called nucleotides.
  34. Nuclein The term used by Friedrich Miescher to describe the nuclear material he discovered in 1869, which today is known as DNA.
  35. nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio In a cell, the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic volume. This ratio is high in meristematic cells and low in differentiated cells.
  36. nucleolar organizer (Abbreviation: NO). See: nucleolar organizer region.
  37. nucleolar organizer region (Abbreviation: NOR). A chromosomal segment containing a large array of genes that encode ribosomal RNA; located at the secondary constriction of specific…
  38. nucleolus An RNA -rich nuclear organelle in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, produced by a nucleolar organizer.
  39. nucleoplasm The non-staining or slightly chromophilic, liquid or semi-liquid, ground substance of the interphase nucleus and which fills the nuclear space around the…
  40. nucleoprotein Conjugated protein composed of nucleic acid and protein; the material of which the chromosomes are made.
  41. Nucleoside A building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a nitrogenous base linked to a five carbon sugar. (See Nucleoside analog.)
  42. Nucleoside analog A synthetic molecule that resembles a naturally occuring nucleoside, but that lacks a bond site needed to link it to an adjacent nucleotide.
  43. nucleoside analogue A synthetic molecule that resembles a naturally occurring nucleoside.
  44. nucleosome Spherical sub-units of eukaryotic chromatin that are composed of a core particle consisting of an octamer of histones (two molecules each of histones H2a…
  45. Nucleotide (NOO-klee-oh-TIDE) A building block for nucleic acids (the molecules inside cells that carry genetic information).
  46. nucleotide sequence See: sequence.
  47. Nucleus (NOO-klee-us) In biology, the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes.
  48. null allele An allele which produces no functional gene product.
  49. null mutation See: amorph.
  50. nullisomic (Adj.) See: nullisomy.
  51. nullisomy An otherwise diploid cell or organism lacking both members of a homologous chromosome pair.
  52. nurse culture Culturing cells from a suspension culture on a raft of filter paper above a callus tissue piece (nurse tissue).
  53. nutriceutical A conventional food product that has been modified (potentially by genetic engineering) to have improved nutritional characteristics and/or pharmaceutical…
  54. nutrient cycle The passage of a nutrient or element through an ecosystem, including its assimilation and release by various organisms and its transformation into various…
  55. nutrient deficiency Absence or insufficiency of an essential factor for normal growth and development.
  56. nutrient film technique (Abbreviation: NFT). A hydroponic technique used to grow plants. NFT delivers a thin film of water or nutrient solution either continuously or through…
  57. nutrient gradient A diffusion gradient of nutrients and gases that develops in tissues where only a portion of the tissue is in contact with the medium.
  58. nutrient medium (pl.: nutrient media) A solid, semi-solid or liquid formulation for in vitro cell or tissue growth.
  59. Occupational Safety and Health Act See Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
  60. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (OSHA) One of the U.S. agencies responsible for regulation of biotechnology. The major law under which the agency has regulatory powers is the Occupational…
  61. ochre stop codon See: stop codon.
  62. octoploid . An organism, or a tissue whose cells contain eight haploid sets of chromosomes.
  63. oestrogen The generic term for a group of female sex hormones which control the development of sexual characteristics and control oestrus.
  64. oestrous (adj.) See: oestrus.
  65. oestrous cycle The cycle of reproductive activity shown by most sexually mature non-pregnant female mammals. AlteRNA tive spelling: estrous.
  66. oestrus In female mammals, the period of sexual excitement and acceptance of the male. Synonyms: rut, heat. AlteRNA tive spelling: estrus (adj.: estrous).
  67. offset You offset an options or futures position by taking a second position in a contract with identical terms, buying if you sold initially or selling if you…
  68. offshoot Short, usually horizontal, stem produced near the crown of a plant.
  69. offspring New individuals resulting from sexual or asexual reproduction. Synonym: progeny.
  70. Okazaki fragment Replicated DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand in DNA synthesis from a double-stranded template.
  71. OLA Abbreviation for oligonucleotide ligation assay.
  72. oligomer A molecule formed by the covalent joining of a small (undefined) number of monomers . See: polymer.
  73. Oligonucleotide A DNA polymer composed of only a few nucleotides. (See Nucleotide.)
  74. oligonucleotide ligation assay (Abbreviation: OLA). A diagnostic technique for determining the presence or absence of a single nucleotide polymorphism within a sequence, often…
  75. oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis See: site-specific mutagenesis.
  76. oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis See: site-specific mutagenesis.
  77. oligosaccharide Carbohydrate consisting of several linked monosaccharide units.
  78. onco-mouse A mouse that has been genetically modified to incorporate an oncogene, which acts as an animal model for studies of human cancer.
  79. oncogene A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer.
  80. Oncogenesis The progression of cytological, genetic, and cellular changes that culminate in a malignant tumor.
  81. ontogeny Developmental life history of an organism.
  82. Oocyte The egg mother cell; it undergoes two meiotic divisions (oogenesis ) to form the egg cell.
  83. oogenesis The formation and growth of the egg in an animal ovary.
  84. oogonium 1. A germ cell of the female animal, that gives rise to oocytes by mitotic division. 2. The female sex organ of algae and fungi.
  85. oosphere The non-motile female gamete in plants and some algae.
  86. oospore A spore developing from a zygote of certain algae and fungi, following the fusion of heterogametes.
  87. opal stop codon See: stop codon.
  88. open continuous culture A continuous culture system, in which inflow of fresh medium is balanced by outflow of a corresponding volume of spent medium plus cells.
  89. Open pollination Pollination by wind, insects, or other natural mechanisms.
  90. Open reading frame A long DNA sequence that is unin- terrupted by a stop codon and encodes part or all of a protein. (See Reading frame.)
  91. operational definition An operation or procedure that can be carried out to define or delimit something.
  92. operator A prokaryotic regulatory element that interacts with a repressor to control the transcription of adjacent structural genes.
  93. Operon A functionally integrated genetic unit for the control of gene expression in bacteria.
  94. OPINE The condensation product of an amino acid with either a keto-acid or a sugar, produced by the plant host as a result of Agrobacterium infection, and used…
  95. OPU Abbreviation for ovum pickup.
  96. ORF Abbreviation for open reading frame.
  97. organ A part of the body that performs a specific function. For example, the heart is an organ.
  98. organ culture The aseptic culture of complete living organs of animals and plants outside the body in a suitable culture medium.
  99. organellar gene Genes located on organelles outside the nucleus.
  100. organelle (OR-guh-NEL) A small structure in a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and has a specific function.

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